生物填料塔处理餐厅污水的研究

分别以自行开发的组合型填料和焦炭作生物载体构成的生物填料等塔对餐厅污水处理进行了试验研究,试验考察了污水入塔COD值对塔中DO的影响,观察到的结果表明：长期在高入塔COD下运行对生物膜系统的持久、稳定不利;水力停留时间取3h－4h,COD的容积去除负荷为4kg/m^3.d时,出水既可达标,又可保持较高的处理能力;鼓风曝气时,气水比取8－12可使出水达标,而功耗较低;在相同的微生物系统和操作条件下,布水布气性好的组合填料处理效果高于布水气性差的焦炭。     

测定废水BOD5时水样稀释倍数的确定

根据测定BOD5所须具备条件,经过理论推导,得出水样稀释倍数的大致范围,对多种工业废水测试证,表明方法简便易行。     

垃圾填埋场渗滤水的处理技术

综述了垃圾填埋场渗滤水的生物处理、物化处理、土地处理等技术。特别对渗滤水的生物处理进行了较详细的讨论。     

TA对印染废水处理效果的影响

印染综合废水的酸析预处理效率主要受废水中对苯二甲酸（TA）含量的影响,且印染综合废水酸析规律与纯TA配制液相比较存在一定的差异,分别对纯TA配制液,印染综合废水,加TA后的废水,酸析预处理后的废水进行好氧生化处理试验,研究其降解规律与去除效率,结果表明TA属易好氧生化物质,它的存在可提高废水的可生化性。     

The need for ecocentrism in biodiversity conservation

Over the past 5 decades, scientists have been documenting negative anthropogenic environmental change, expressing increasing alarm, and urging dramatic socioecological transformation in response. A host of international meetings have been held, but the erosion of biological diversity continues to accelerate. Why, then, has no effective political action been taken? We contend that part of the answer may lie in the anthropocentric ethical premises and moral rhetoric typically deployed in the cause of conservation. We further argue that it is essential to advance moral arguments for biodiversity conservation that are not just based on perceived human interests but on ecocentric values, namely, convictions that species and ecosystems have value and interests that should be respected regardless of whether they serve human needs and aspirations. A broader array of moral rationales for biodiversity conservation, we conclude, would be more likely to lead to effective plans, adopted and enforced by governments, designed to conserve biological diversity. A good place to start in this regard would be to explicitly incorporate ecocentric values into the recommendations that will be made at the conclusion of the 15th meeting of the parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity, scheduled to be held in October 2020.     

Ex situ management as insurance against extinction of mammalian megafauna in an uncertain world

The persistence of endangered species may depend on the fate of a very small number of individual animals. In situ conservation alone may sometimes be insufficient. In these instances, the International Union for Conservation of Nature provides guidelines for ex situ conservation and the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) indicates how ex situ management can support the CBD's objectives by providing insurance policies for species. The circumstances that justify its use are uncertain. To evaluate the current in situ extinction risk and ex situ management of 43 critically endangered species of mammalian megafauna, we used nonmetric multidimensional scaling and geopolitical variables related to governance, economics, and national policy within their extant ranges. We then fitted generalized additive models to assess the contribution of each variable to the ordination. Fifteen (almost one-third) of the world's terrestrial mammalian megafauna are not the subject of any ex situ management. Seventy-three percent of these taxa occur in areas characterized by political uncertainty, such as border zones or areas affected by armed conflicts, mainly in Africa and the Middle East. A further 23% of taxa in ex situ programs do not meet sustainability criteria for inbreeding avoidance. Strategic conservation planning, such as the One Plan approach, may improve ex situ management for these taxa. Given the escalating trend in threats afflicting megafauna, ex situ management should be considered more rigorously, particularly in politically unstable regions, to achieve CBD Target 12 (prevent extinction of threatened species).     

National Red Listing Beyond the 2010 Target

Abstract: Following creation of the 2010 Biodiversity Target under the Convention on Biological Diversity and adoption of the United Nations Millennium Development Goals, information on status and trends of biodiversity at the national level has become increasingly important to both science and policy. National red lists (NRLs) of threatened species may provide suitable data for reporting on progress toward these goals and for informing national conservation priority setting. This information will also become increasingly important for developing species‐ and ecosystem‐based strategies for climate change adaptation. We conducted a thorough global review of NRLs in 109 countries and analyzed gaps in NRL coverage in terms of geography and taxonomy to determine priority regions and taxonomic groups for further investment. We then examined correlations between the NRL data set and gross domestic product (GDP) and vertebrate species richness. The largest geographic gap was in Oceania, followed by middle Africa, the Caribbean, and western Africa, whereas the largest taxonomic gaps were for invertebrates, fungi, and lichens. The comprehensiveness of NRL coverage within a given country was positively correlated with GDP and negatively correlated with total vertebrate richness and threatened vertebrate richness. This supports the assertion that regions with the greatest and most vulnerable biodiversity receive the least conservation attention and indicates that financial resources may be an integral limitation. To improve coverage of NRLs, we propose a combination of projects that target underrepresented taxa or regions and projects that provide the means for countries to create or update NRLs on their own. We recommend improvements in knowledge transfer within and across regions as a priority for future investment.     

House fly (Musca domestica): A review of control strategies for a challenging pest

Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae), commonly called the house fly, is a major domestic, medical and veterinary pest that causes irritation, spoils food and acts as a vector for many pathogenic organisms. In this paper, the social and health problems related to housefly are introduced with the associated need to control its population. Physical and chemical methods of house fly control are briefly discussed. The main focus of this review is on the biological control methods for house fly control, that comprise botanical, fungal, bacterial and parasitoid agents. Although several biocontrol agents are still in the nascent stage, some of them (especially fungal and parasitoid agents) have shown reliable field performance and seem to be suitable candidates for commercialization. However, the majority of these laboratory and field studies have been conducted in the temperate region. It remains to be seen whether the application of biocontrol agents would be feasible in tropical environments. The integrated pest management practices, which can provide more reliable field performance, have also been discussed. A multi-dimensional approach that exerts control on all the life stages of house fly, but simultaneously preserves the fly's natural enemies could be an ecologically sustainable way of maintaining the fly populations below maximally acceptable limits.     

大宝山铜铁矿区水体重金属污染评价

以公里网格方式在大宝山矿区水系采集水样品60件,进行分析测试,得出了该研究区内Cr、Cd、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Sb、Hg、Pb共10种重金属元素的分布特征。其中污染最严重是Cd,其次是Zn、Cu、Pb、Cr、Ni、Hg。由元素的浓集中心分布分析得出,污染源主要是矿坑土、尾矿坝、废石堆和民采点。     

大口子水库的生物学调查与评价

为了解大口子水库水质的污染状况及污染趋势，淮安市环境监测中心站于“九五”期间对大口子水库进行了生物分析指标的监测和生物学评价。结果表明，“九五”期间，大口子水库的水质呈典型富营养化状态，且营养化程度有加重趋势；底栖动物群落的调查结果显示，化学毒性污染稍有好转，有机物污染占主导地位。提出，该水域不宜继续作为养殖基地进行水产养殖，对其污染的治理已刻不容缓。