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501.
采用曝气生物滤池与二氧化氯相结合的工艺处理医院污水。主要对曝气生物滤池去除COD、氨氮的效果进行了研究,并且在实际应用中证明了用这种相结合的处理方法具有一次投资小、运行费用低、年经济效益高等优点,有良好的技术经济性。 相似文献
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503.
Species interactions such as predation or competition can have notable implications for fish population dynamics. Stock status and associated biological reference points can be misrepresented if these interactions are not considered. Here we present a multispecies, biomass production model (MS-PROD) developed by incorporating modifications to the Schaefer production model. The modifications explicitly emphasize a functional group approach, highlighting the effects of species interactions that include competition between species within a group, competition between groups, and predation. The mathematical formulation also includes constraints on carrying capacity for both the entire system and for individual groups. We applied the model as initialized to the Northeast U.S. Large Marine Ecosystem finfish community. We then executed simulations designed to explore the behavior of the model with respect to fishery exploitation and ecological interactions. Collectively, the results demonstrated the utility, and the need, for incorporating ecological effects into fisheries models. 相似文献
504.
水库水源水生物陶粒滤池预处理中试研究 总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11
针对受污染的某水库水源水进行中试规模的生物陶粒滤池试验研究。试验结果表明,生物陶粒滤池预处理能全面净化水源水的水质。在气水比为0.75~1∶1,水力负荷为4~6 m3/(m2·h)条件下,对NH+4-N,NO-2-N和CODMn的去除率分别为89%~97.5%,97.5%~99%,20%~35%;对藻类的去除率为60.1%~84.3%。 相似文献
505.
Natasha B. Kotliar Bruce W. Baker April D. Whicker Glenn Plumb 《Environmental management》1999,24(2):177-192
Cynomys spp.) have been labeled as keystone species because of their influence on biological diversity and ecosystem function. However,
the validity of several assumptions used to support keystone status is questionable. We review the strength of the evidence
and the magnitude of the prairie dog's effects on ecosystem structure and function. We use this review to reevaluate the keystone
role for prairie dogs. Our goal is to encourage sound management of the prairie dog ecosystem by improving the ecological
foundation of their keystone status. Our review confirms that prairie dogs affect a number of ecosystem-level functions but
that their influence on prairie vertebrates may be less than previously suggested. Species richness and abundance patterns
were variable among plants, mammals, and birds and were not consistently higher on prairie dog colonies compared to uncolonized
areas. In addition, only nine of the 208 species listed in the literature as observed on or near prairie dogs colonies had
quantitative evidence of dependence on prairie dogs. Abundance data indicated opportunistic use of colonies for an additional
20 species. A total of 117 species may have some relationship with prairie dogs, but we lacked sufficient data to evaluate
the strength of this relationship. The remaining 62 species may be accidental or alien to the system. Despite our conclusion
that some prairie dog functions may be smaller than previously assumed, collectively these functions are quite large compared
to other herbivores in the system. We suggest that prairie dogs also provide some unique functions not duplicated by any other
species and that continued decline of prairie dogs may lead to a substantial erosion of biological diversity and landscape
heterogeneity across prairie and shrub-steppe landscapes. Thus, we concur that keystone status for prairie dogs is appropriate
and may aid conservation efforts that help protect species dependent on prairie dogs and support other important ecosystem
functions. 相似文献
506.
507.
Capturing the lost phosphorus 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Minable phosphorus (P) reserves are being depleted and will need to be replaced by recovering P that currently is lost from the agricultural system, causing water-quality problems. The largest two flows of lost P are in agricultural runoff and erosion (∼46% of mined P globally) and animal wastes (∼40%). These flows are quite distinct. Runoff has a very high volumetric flow rate, but a low P concentration; animal wastes have low flow rates, but a high P concentration together with a high concentration of organic material. Recovering the lost P in animal wastes is technically and economically more tractable, and it is the focus for this review of promising P-capture technologies. P capture requires that organic P be transformed into inorganic P (phosphate). For high-strength animal wastes, P release can be accomplished in tandem with anaerobic treatment that converts the energy value in the organic matter to CH4, H2, or electricity. Once present as phosphate, the P can be captured in a reusable form by four approaches. Most well developed is precipitation as magnesium or calcium solids. Less developed, but promising are adsorption to iron-based adsorbents, ion exchange to phosphate-selective solids, and uptake by photosynthetic microorganisms or P-selective proteins. 相似文献
508.
Mourier B Fritsch C Dhivert E Gimbert F Cœurdassier M Pauget B Vaufleury A Scheifler R 《Chemosphere》2011,85(6):1057-1065
This study investigates the relevance of several soil chemical extractions (calcium chloride, acetic acid, citric acid and a four-step sequential procedure) and predicted free metal ion activities in the soil solution to characterise the transfer of trace metals (Cd, Pb, and Zn) from soil to snail soft tissues over a large smelter-impacted area (Metaleurop Nord, Nord-Pas-de-Calais, France). The study was first performed on six snail species together and then specifically on Cepaea sp. and Oxychilus draparnaudi. When the six species were considered together, the accumulation of metals depended mostly on the species. When significant, total or extractable metal concentrations, or the predicted free ion activities, accounted for less than 7% of the variation of the metal concentrations in the snail tissues. Species-specific analyses showed that extractable concentrations explained approximately 25% of the variation of the metal concentrations in O. draparnaudi, and up to 8% in Cepaea snails. When using total soil concentrations and soil properties as explanatory variables, the models were generally slightly better, explaining up to 42% of the variance. The soil extraction procedures and predicted free ion activities used in this study did not accurately estimate the metal transfer from soil to snails and could not be used in risk assessment. 相似文献
509.
The technique that employs flash freezing and environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) was utilised for detailed investigation of the fouling materials in a membrane bioreactor (MBR). The method involves the flash freezing of a wet sample in liquid nitrogen for 10 s to preserve its structure for direct ESEM observation with a high image resolution. ESEM images show that the sludge cake formed by simple filtration of the MBR bulk sludge has a highly porous, sponge-like structure with a fairly low resistance. However, the fouling layer attached to the membrane surface contains a thin gel layer under the main body of the sponge-like sludge cake, which is similar to that formed by filtration of a dispersion of biopolymer clusters (BPCs). It is apparent that BPCs tend to accumulate on the membrane surface, and the gel layer is largely responsible for the high filtration resistance of the cake layer on the fouled membranes. 相似文献
510.