贵州喀斯特峰丛山体土壤水分布特征及其影响因素

喀斯特峰丛山体土壤水是喀斯特地区水文及生态环境的重要影响因素。研究喀斯特峰丛山体土壤水分布及其规律对贵州喀斯特地区控制水土流失、防治石漠化、恢复生态环境具有重要的理论和实际意义。选取贵州普定县岩溶区内典型的喀斯特峰丛山体,利用时域反射（TDR）测定山体不同位置在不同植被覆盖、地形、土壤特征及岩石分布下的土壤含水率,分析喀斯特峰丛山体土壤水的空间分布规律及其影响因素。结果表明：各种土地利用类型的山体土壤含水率总体由山体上部向下逐渐减小,土壤含水率随埋深加大显著增加,随坡度的增加而减小。总体上植被覆盖地带土壤含水率高于裸露土壤,相同条件下,林地、低矮灌丛、草地对土壤持水性的影响依次减小。岩石上覆土层较厚时,土壤含水率较高;土层浅薄时,土壤含水率偏低.     

根据土地生态特征和经济效益确定种植类型

根据梧州市郊县农村土地生态特征,利用逐步判别分析方法给出以各自然村为基础的区位点土地利用方法;并根据土地利用方向,结合果树经济效益和各种信息,应用规划理论给出本地区果树在满足诸条件时以种植46万亩橙、2万亩香蕉最为适宜。     

Assessment of AWT systems in the metro Atlanta area

A study was conducted to evaluate the performance of six advanced wastewater treatment facilities using biological nutrient removal processes as the primary mechanism for removing carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus from domestic wastewater. One year of operating data was obtained from monthly operating reports provided by the Georgia Environmental Protection Division (EPD) in Atlanta. Additional information about facility operations and the types of chemicals used was gathered through review of EPD files and interviews with plant personnel. Data evaluated were: influent and effluent five-day Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD(5)); influent and effluent total suspended solids (TSS); influent Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen and effluent Total Nitrogen; and influent and effluent Total Phosphorus (TP). Although varying from plant to plant, effluent requirements for BOD(5), TSS, ammonia, and TP were met. Chemicals utilized, design capacity, and monthly effluent concentrations are presented in this study.     

云南省主要群体入境旅游市场特征分析

以2004年暑期对云南省入境旅游市场调查数据为基础,运用数理统计方法对云南5大主要群体入境旅游市场进行了系统对比分析,发现云南省5大群体入境游客女性多于男性,观光度假动机游客占80%以上,旅游信息多来自旅游指南、Internet和亲友介绍,具有大学文化程度的中青年职业技术人员所占市场份额最大,以亲友结伴或独身旅游为常见,同时5大群体之间也存在较大差异.     

在教育教学中,注重品德与心理健康的教育——初探青少年时期心理健康教育的方法

青少年在成长时期,在品德教育的同时,应注重心理健康的教育.特别是当今时代的发展,要求人的成长与发展是全方位的,尤其要具备良好的心理素质.为此,在现代教育教学中,要把心理教育纳入教育过程,积极探索心理教育的方式方法,提升青少年良好的心理素质,让青少年一代全面健康成长.     

Urbanization and the Loss of Resource Lands in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed

We made use of land cover maps, and land use change associated with urbanization, to provide estimates of the loss of natural resource lands (forest, agriculture, and wetland areas) across the 168,000 km² Chesapeake Bay watershed. We conducted extensive accuracy assessments of the satellite-derived maps, most of which were produced by us using widely available multitemporal Landsat imagery. The change in urbanization was derived from impervious surface area maps (the built environment) for 1990 and 2000, from which we estimated the loss of resource lands that occurred during this decade. Within the watershed, we observed a 61% increase in developed land (from 5,177 to 8,363 km²). Most of this new development (64%) occurred on agricultural and grasslands, whereas 33% occurred on forested land. Some smaller municipalities lost as much as 17% of their forest lands and 36% of their agricultural lands to development, although in the outlying counties losses ranged from 0% to 1.4% for forests and 0% to 2.6% for agriculture. Fast-growing urban areas surrounded by forested land experienced the most loss of forest to impervious surfaces. These estimates could be used for the monitoring of the impacts of development across the Chesapeake Bay watershed, and the approach has utility for other regions nationwide. In turn, the results and the approach can help jurisdictions set goals for resource land protection and acquisition that are consistent with regional restoration goals.     

同步硝化好氧反硝化生物脱氮机理分析及其研究进展

通过对比传统生物脱氮理论，提出同步硝化好氧反硝化技术优点，对好氧反硝化的机理进行了初步探讨，并从不同角度做了理论分析。同时阐述了同步硝化反硝化技术的控制因素及其研究进展。并对好氧反硝化的应用前景作了展望，提出了好氧反硝化今后的研究方向。     

PROFILE: Risk Assessment as an Environmental Management Tool: Considerations for Freshwater Wetlands

/ This paper presents a foundation for improving the risk assessmentprocess for freshwater wetlands. Integrating wetland science, i.e., use of anecosystem-based approach, is the key concept. Each biotic and abiotic wetlandcomponent should be identified and its contribution to ecosystem functionsand societal values determined when deciding whether a stressor poses anunreasonable risk to the sustainability of a particular wetland.Understanding the major external and internal factors that regulate theoperational conditions of wetlands is critical to risk characterization.Determining the linkages between these factors, and how they influence theway stressors affect wetlands, is the basis for an ecosystem approach.Adequate consideration of wetland ecology, hydrology, geomorphology, andsoils can greatly reduce the level of uncertainty associated with riskassessment and lead to more effective risk management. In order to formulateeffective solutions, wetland problems must be considered at watershed,landscape, and ecosystem scales. Application of an ecosystem approach can begreatly facilitated if wetland scientists and risk assessors work together todevelop a common understanding of the principles of both disciplines.KEY WORDS: Ecological risk assessment; Freshwater wetlands;Environmental pollution; Chemical stressors; Physical stressors; Biologicalstressors     

Removal and recycling of copper from aqueous solutions using treated Indian barks

Removal of copper from aqueous solutions containing 100–1000 ppm, using different Indian bark species, was performed on laboratory scale. The percentage removal of metal ions depends on the solution pH, bark species and time. The efficiency of copper removal by the used raw barks increases with a rise of solution pH and reaches a maximum of about 65–78% around pH 4–5. However, the decontaminated aqueous solutions were colored due to the dissolution of soluble organic compounds contained in the raw bark. This increases the biological and chemical oxygen demand (BOD and COD) of the solutions as well as the total organic carbon content (TOC). For this reason, raw bark should be treated either by chemical or biological means. Such treatment will allow the extraction of the soluble organic compounds and increase the chelating capacity and efficiency of the treated bark. Depending on the pH value, the chelating efficiency of treated barks is about 1.2–2.2 times that of the raw ones. Moreover, the retention capacity of the Indian treated bark varies from about 42–51 mg/g of dry bark. It is equal to or higher than that of common European species. About 1.8 mols of H₃O⁺ are released, by the treated barks, for every mol of chelated copper ions. Moreover, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations show uniform distribution of metal ions throughout the copper saturated bark. Infra red (IR) spectra suggest that the copper ions are chelated to hydroxyl and/or carboxyl functional groups of organic compounds contained in the treated bark. It seems that the interaction of the copper ions with the bark follows a cation exchange mechanism. This hypothesis is supported by elution experiments that allow recovery of about 99% of the contained copper. The retention capacity of the treated bark is almost constant after five cycles of chelation–elution, suggesting that the ‘life time cycle' is sufficiently long for continuous industrial application. The spent copper loaded barks can either be incinerated or pyrolysed. It generates solids containing either ≈80% of CuO or ≈14% of Cu°, respectively. Such materials can be used either in the secondary or primary copper production, thus offering a friendly environmental solution of effluents' treatment. The suggested process can be used as an alternative to the classical technologies for effluent decontamination. It is also efficient for polishing effluents treated by other methods.     

有关昆仑山口西8.1级地震及其余震活动趋势的讨论

在处理了部分有关资料的基础上 ,从发震断层旋性、历史地震类比、地震活动图像变化和地震序列特征等多方面对昆仑山口西 8.1级地震的余震活动趋势进行了讨论 ,结果表明 :本次 8.1级地震的最大余震震级可能为 6级左右