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721.
Phung DT Connell D Miller G Hodge M Patel R Cheng R Abeyewardene M Chu C 《Chemosphere》2012,87(4):294-300
Chlorpyrifos is the most common organophosphate insecticide registered for use in Vietnam and is widely used in agriculture, particularly rice farming. However, chlorpyrifos exposure to and adverse effects on farmers has not been evaluated. In this study, biological monitoring of chlorpyrifos exposure in a group of rice farmers was conducted after a typical application event using back-pack spraying.Urine samples (24 h) were collected from the rice farmers before and post insecticide application. Samples were analysed for 3,5,6-trichloropyridinol (TCP), the major urinary metabolite of chlorpyrifos, using an enzymatic pre-treatment before extraction followed by HPLC-MS/MS. Absorbed Daily Dose (ADD) of chlorpyrifos for farmers were then estimated from urinary TCP levels, expressed as μg g−1 creatinine. The analytical method for urinary TCP had a low detection limit (0.6 μg L−1), acceptable recovery values (80-114%), and low relative percentage differences in duplicate and repeated samples.Post-application chlorpyrifos ADD of farmers varied from 0.4 to 94.2 μg kg−1 (body weight) d−1 with a mean of 19.4 μg kg−1 d−1 which was approximately 80-fold higher than the mean baseline exposure level (0.24 μg kg−1 d−1). Hazard Quotients (ratio of the mean ADD for rice farmers to acute oral reference dose) calculated using acute oral reference doses recommended by United States and Australian agencies varied from 2.1 (Australian NRA), 4.2 (US EPA) to 6.9 (ATSDR).Biological monitoring using HPLC-MS/MS analysis of urinary TCP (24 h) was found to be an effective method for measuring chlorpyrifos exposure among farmers. This case study found that Vietnamese rice farmers had relatively high exposures to chlorpyrifos after application, which were likely to have adverse health effects. 相似文献
722.
Cancer has become a critical health issue in the world heritage city Kandy, Sri Lanka. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), one of persistent organic pollutants, in the atmosphere may be a major etiological factor in lung carcinogenicity. Over the very high concentrations of ambient air PAHs reported in Kandy, this paper is focused on setting priorities to control human exposure to PAHs in prevention of cancer.On re-appraisal of the classical indicator benzo(a)pyrene (B[a]P) for atmospheric PAHs-related carcinogenicity, B[a]P failed to reflect the toxicity completely and may not be the sole indicator for risk assessment studies in complex multi-sourced urban environments. The excess lifetime lung cancer risks of atmospheric PAHs with ‘less than lifetime exposure’ were assessed based on both ‘B[a]P toxic equivalents’ and ‘B[a]P surrogate epidemiological’ approach of risk quantification, over emissions characterized urban, suburban, and rural areas of Kandy. In urban heavy traffic areas, PAH-related additional cancer burden has been 942 million−1 over 30 y of exposure. Over the whole study area, ∑p-PAHs show strong correlation (r = 0.8) to the predicted risk levels. While the urban and suburban predicted cancer risk levels could not show significant correlation to their emission sources indicating the real complexity in mega urban environments, the rural lung cancer risk levels correlated perfectly with the source, firewood combustion.Policy decisions on environment and health could be based on established correlations among ‘emission sources-exposures-health effects’. The priority for “analysis of options and policy formulation to reduce inhalation PAHs exposure of population in Kandy” was considered “moderate to high”. 相似文献
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725.
为探究灾害演化过程中风险的时变特征和时序性风险评估的可行性,采用灾害演化理论和方法,综合考虑灾害链式效应、灾害后果时变性和政府干预等因素,首先,建立由灾害损失度、灾害发生概率、灾害直接风险和灾害综合风险共4个子模型构成的灾害演化网络时序性风险评估模型;然后,通过数值算例验证该模型的可行性;最后,分析所提模型的优越性.研... 相似文献
726.
利用厌氧颗粒污泥对烟气中SO2吸收生成的硫酸盐或亚硫酸盐废水进行处理,考察起始SO4^2-质量浓度、初始COD/SO4^2-、初始pH、接种污泥质量、亚铁离子等限制性生态因子对硫酸盐还原的影响。结果表明:在起始SO4^2-质量浓度800mg/L,初始COD/SO4^2-为3.0,pH值为7.0,接种污泥质量为31.10gVSS/L,添加亚铁离子的条件下,进行半连续试验,硫酸根去除率可迭70%。表明在COD/SO4^2-较低的条件下,各生态因子综合作用下,硫酸盐还原可得较好效果。 相似文献
727.
基于遥感(RS)和地理信息系统(GIS)技术,对兴化市的生态环境状况作分析。以2005年和2012年的影像图为数据源,经过图像预处理,通过解译与分类,得到该市2个时期土地利用状况的变化情况。在此基础上,对2个时期的土地利用类型作对比,结果表明,耕地面积减少明显,城镇、农村居民点和其他建设用地面积增加突出。分别计算2个时期的生物丰度指数和植被覆盖指数,并分析了影响生态环境的主要因素。 相似文献
728.
通过对苏州市地面形变数据的处理和分析,建立了该市的地面沉降趋势场.基于前期有关苏州市地面沉降的研究成果,对该市的地面沉降现状进行了分析.结果表明,苏州市的地面沉降具有4个阶段性特征,近年来地面沉降已明显得到有效控制,苏州市多年来的地面沉降研究和防控措施取得了显著效果. 相似文献
729.
长江经济带区域经济差异分析 总被引:15,自引:3,他引:12
刘伟 《长江流域资源与环境》2006,15(2):131-135
长江经济带是与沿海经济带并列的国家一级发展轴线,自20世纪90年代以来其内部区域经济差距日趋扩大,如何缩小差距以促进长江经济带整体和谐发展是摆在当前的重要任务。基于SPSS12.0统计分析软件和历年统计数据,分析长江经济带内部三大地区及41个地市之间的区域经济差异,找出产生区域差异的主要因素,然后对这些因素进行分析,以期在此基础上找到缩小区域差异、促进可持续发展的政策建议。最后对长江经济带内部各省市经济发展进行预测,分析长江经济带各省市发展的趋势。长江经济带内部差异显著,且有拉大趋势;发展前景良好,是国家重要的经济增长轴。 相似文献
730.