Gas chromatographic methods for monitoring of wastewater chlorophenol degradation in anaerobic reactors

Wastewater samples from an anaerobic reactor were extracted with hexane and derivatized with diazomethane (method 1) and with acetic anidride (method 2). Gas chromatography with electron-capture detection (ECD) was employed for separating the parent compound and intermediates trichlorophenols (TCP) and dichlorophenols (DCP) which originated from the penta chlorophenol (PCP) degradation process. The relations between concentrations of PCP, TCP and DCP areas were linear in the range of concentrations of 0.2 to 8 mg/L and 0.025 mg/L to 5 mg/L for methods 1 and 2, respectively. The repeatability of the extraction methods was satisfactory, with variation coefficients lower than 11%. For method 1, at the fortification level of 0.2 mg/L, recovery of PCP, TCP, and DCP was 112%, 74% and 45%, respectively. For method 2, the corresponding recovery values at the fortification level of 0.1 mg/L were 91%, 93% and 103%, respectively. Storage of the frozen samples did not alter their PCP determination properties. The chromatographic methods adapted for chlorophenol determination in wastewater were suitable with relatively simple manipulation techniques. The obtained results were reproducible and allowed identification of intermediates formed during the PCP degradation process.     

Multinational,Freshwater Biomonitoring Programs in the Developing World: Lessons Learned from African and Southeast Asian River Surveys

Biomonitoring programs are widely used in developed countries. They also offer many advantages in assessing ecological consequences of perturbations in developing countries, including reducing the equipment-operation, maintenance, and training costs associated with physicochemical monitoring. Three case histories of river biomonitoring using freshwater organisms (fish, benthic macroinvertebrates, diatoms, zooplankton) are described that involve (1) documentation of environmental effects from long-term, large-scale applications of insecticides to control insect-vectors of river blindness (onchocerciasis) in 11 West African countries; (2) water quality assessments and restoration planning in and around national parks in three East African countries; and (3) evaluation of overall ecological health of the Lower Mekong River in four Southeast Asian countries. As in developed countries, benthic macroinvertebrates are the organisms most widely used in biomonitoring in developing countries. Conflicting opinions of system resilience and whether expected changes are within natural variation may result in differences in underlying hypotheses proposed, study designs implemented, and study execution; each may lead to uncorrectable bias. Direct transfers of approaches used from developed to developing countries are often appropriate; however, techniques dependent on pollution-tolerance values are often region specific and not transferable. Typically expressed concerns about applications of biomonitoring in developing countries include poor coordination among agencies; lack of legislation, identification keys, and trained personnel; and incomplete information on how tropical rivers function. Problems are real but solvable, as evident from accomplishments in several multicountry programs in developing countries. Developed countries requiring coordinated monitoring of international rivers may benefit from examining successful programs under way in developing countries.     

回转体高速入水弹道模型研究

目的 快速预测回转体高速入水过程中的空泡形态发展和分析回转体高速入水后的弹道特性。方法 基于空泡截面独立扩张原理,建立回转体高速入水非定常超空泡计算方法,通过高速水动力计算方法,结合回转体动力学方程,实现回转体运动参数的求解。结果 通过与文献试验结果对比,验证了回转体高速入水弹道模型的可靠性。对比试验结果,模型的预测误差在10%以内,可满足回转体高速入水弹道预测需要。利用所建立的弹道模型计算了回转体在高速垂直、倾斜入水2种工况下的空泡形态、运动参数变化。发现回转体高速入水过程中,空泡会影响回转体的运动,回转体速度衰减主要和空化器阻力有关。回转体在受到扰动角速度的影响后,滑行力会改变回转体的姿态角和攻角,并使弹道发生弯曲,但有助于回转体运动的稳定。结论 在入水空泡能完全包裹回转体的情况下,可对回转体进行结构优化,增强回转体尾拍运动中受到的滑行力,提升回转体高速入水运动稳定性。适当减小空化器直径,能降低回转体入水过程中的阻力,并增加射程。     

华明镇农民安置区景观设计

在华明镇原有基地概况的基础上,遵照农民安置区景观规划的基本原则,对华明镇农民安置区的景观设计进行了论述,重点探讨了生态性、文化性、共享性原则在华明安置区景观设计中的实现方式,旨在创造优美宜人、可持续发展的人居环境,在新农村建设中起到指导和示范作用。     

Shrub communities as inhibitors of plant succession in southern Quebec

The purpose of our research was to identify shrub species growing in southern Quebec that inhibit ecological succession in power-line corridors. Results are presented in three parts. First, clonal characteristics that allowed the establishment of stable communities were identified. Second, successional vector analysis identified those species that have the potential to inhibit succession. In poorly drained sites those species wereCornus stolonifera, C. obliqua, Salix petiolaris, andSpiraea alba. In well-drained sites, those species wereZanthoxylum americanum, Rubus idaeus, Spiraea alba, Rhus typhina, andThuja occidentalis. Third, analysis of variance showed that there is a significantly larger number of tree seedlings found in adjacent herbaceous communities than found under the dense cover ofCornus stolonifera, C. obliqua, Salix petiolaris, Spiraea alba, Rhus typhina, Rubus idaeus, Thuya occidentalis, andZanthoxylum americanum. These results indicate that the planting of selected shrub species could, through biological control, delay reforestation.     

Inhibition effect of magnetic field on nitrous oxide emission from sequencing batch reactor treating domestic wastewater at low temperature

This study aims to investigate the effect of a magnetic field on nitrous oxide(N_2O) emission from a sequencing batch reactor treating low-strength domestic wastewater at low temperature(10℃).After running for 124 days in parallel,results indicated that the conversion rate of N_2O for a magnetic field-sequencing batch reactor(MF-SBR) decreased by34.3% compared to that of a conventional SBR(C-SBR).Meanwhile,the removal efficiencies for total nitrogen(TN) and ammonia nitrogen(NH4-N) of the MF-SBR were 22.4% and 39.5% higher than those of the C-SBR.High-throughput sequencing revealed that the abundances of AOB(Nitrosomonas),NOB(Nitrospira) and denitrifiers(Zoogloea),which could reduce N_2O to N_2,were promoted significantly in the MF-SBR.Enzyme activities(Nir) and gene abundances(nos Z nir S and nir K) for denitrification in the MF-SBR were also notably higher compared to C-SBR.Our study shows that application of a magnetic field is a useful approach for inhibiting the generation of N_2O and promoting the nitrogen removal efficiency by affecting the microbial characteristics of sludge in an SBR treating domestic wastewater at low temperature.     

污水生物处理中微生物的相互协作

从化学、物理和遗传信息三个不同水平,系统介绍了污水生物处理中微生物的相互协作关系,阐述了各个水平的协作机制、应用研究进展以及存在问题     

SBR法的特点及其在生物脱氮中的应用

SBR兼有全混合反应器与推流式反应器的优点，物料混合均匀，耐冲击负荷，不存在物料返混，生化反应动力大，处理好，SBR法的整个过程可放置于一个构筑物内完成，工艺简单，操作灵活，此外，通过对SBR的适当调控，易形成好氧／缺氧交替的环境，为生物脱氮创造条件，近年来，SBR法得到了较大的发展，操作方式也得很大的改进。     

Contaminants and their effects on estuarine and coastal organisms in the United Kingdom in the late twentieth century

The biological effects of contaminants in British estuaries and coastal waters have been studied for over 100 years. Until the 1970s. the major pollution impact on estuarine organisms was probably caused by poorly treated sewage which led to severe oxygen deficits and consequent asphyxiation of many water-breathers. However, since the introduction of improved sewage treatment in the last 30 years, a number of continuing impacts have come to light which represent true toxic effects of micro-contaminants. Sublethal changes observed in various bioassays and biomarkers are widespread in both fish and invertebrates, and in the most urbanised and industrialised estuaries, these effects are probably having impacts at the population and community levels. For example, there is good evidence to show that tributyltin from some antifouling paints has not only affected the sexuality and reproductive success of individual estuarine and coastal molluscs, but has also damaged some benthic communities of which molluscs are but a part. Although there are data to show that some contaminant concentrations are now declining, we do not yet have enough data in most cases to decide whether organisms have also begun to recover. This paper reviews the entire field of contaminant effects in UK estuarine and marine waters, focusing especially on the years 1985-2000, and makes some recommendations for future research and monitoring programmes.     

铁路次生噪声的区域分布规律与防治对策研究

铁路交通大大促进了城市化,城市化的发展必将造成铁路站点周边区域的人口密度、交通流量和土地使用等因素的改变,铁路站点周边区域环境质量的变化,同时造成周边区域的环境污染加剧,特别是环境噪声的增强,形成次生环境影响。对铁路站点周边区域次生环境影响程度、范围、主要控制因素的分析评价是在铁路建设环境影响评价工作中需要考虑的问题。笔者通过对北京站和西客站等北京地区主要铁路站点周边区域噪声水平的监测和测试,得到了铁路站点周边区域噪声环境水平的现状值分布特征,比较分析不同规模的铁路站点周边区域噪声水平的不同分带特征,将车站周边区域噪声水平的监测值与城市背景噪声值进行对比,得到了对车站周边区域次生噪声环境影响特征,明确了次生噪声环境影响的成因和控制因素,提出了铁路次生噪声环境影响的防治对策。