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801.
We present a cellular automaton that simulates the interaction between a host tree and multiple potential mycorrhizal symbionts and generates testable hypotheses of how processes at the scale of individual root tips may explain mycorrhizal community composition. Existing theoretical biological market models imply that a single host is able to interact with and select from multiple symbionts to organize an optimal symbiont community. When evaluating the tree–symbiont interaction, two scales must be considered simultaneously: the scale of the entire host plant at which carbon utilization and nutrient demands operate, and the scale of the individual root tip, at which colonization and carbon-nutrient trade occurs. Three strategies that may be employed by the host tree for optimizing carbon use and nutrient acquisition through mycorrhizal symbiont communities are simulated: (1) carbon pool adjustment, in which the plant controls only the total amount of carbon to be distributed uniformly throughout the root system, (2) symbiont selection, wherein the plant opts either for or against the interaction at each fine root tip, and (3) selective carbon allocation, wherein the plant adjusts the amount of carbon allocated to each root tip based on the cost of nutrients. Strategies were tested over various nutrient availabilities (the amount of inorganically and organically bound nutrients). Success was defined on the basis of minimizing carbon expended for nutrient acquisition because this would allow more carbon to be utilized for growth and reproduction. In all cases, the symbiont selection and selective carbon allocation strategies were able to meet the nutritional requirements of the plant, but did not necessarily optimize carbon use. The carbon pool adjustment strategy is the only strategy that does not operate at the individual root tip scale, and the strategy was not successful when inorganic nutrients were scarce since there is no mechanism to exclude suboptimal symbionts. The combination of the symbiont selection strategy and the carbon pool adjustment resulted in optimal carbon use and nutrient acquisition under all environmental conditions but result in monospecific symbiont assemblages. On the other hand, the selective carbon allocation strategy is the only strategy that maintained successful, multi-symbiont communities. The simulations presented here thus imply clear hypotheses about the effect of nutrient availability on symbiont selection and mycorrhizal community richness and composition. 相似文献
802.
In integrated pest management (IPM), biological control is one of the possible options for the prevention or remediation of an unacceptable pest activity or damage. The success of forecast models in IPM depends, among other factors, on the knowledge of temperature effect over pests and its natural enemies. In this work, we simulated the effects of parasitism of Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson, 1880) (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) on Aphis gossypii (Glover, 1877) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), a pest that is associated to crops of great economic importance in several parts of the world. We made use of experimental data relative to the host and its parasitoid at different temperatures. Age structure was incorporated into the dynamics through the Penna model. The results obtained showed that simulation, as a forecast model, can be a useful tool for biological control programs. 相似文献
803.
天津市地表水环境氮污染特征及来源解析 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
以天津市引滦河道、于桥水库、景观河道及主要地表河流的氮营养盐监测结果和工业源、城镇生活源及非点源的排放资料为依据,研究了天津市地表水氮污染水平、特征、变化规律及主要来源。结果表明,主要地表河流总氮、氨氮、硝态氮和亚硝态氮年均值分别为8.83 mg/L、6.10mg/L、0.370 mg/L和0.267 mg/L,污染较严重;景观水体氨氮年平均含量为0.204~9.91 mg/L,均值为1.52 mg/L,污染程度次之。于桥水库主要污染物为总氮,年均值为1.81mg/L,氨氮年均值为0.097 mg/L,污染相对较轻。地表水全年氨氮入河总量为34027.9 t,其中入境河流带入量为18185.1 t,占53.4%,境内源入河量为15842.8 t,占46.6%。境内污染主要来源于工业企业、城镇生活以及城市和农村非点源的排放。其中,工业点源占13.5%;城镇生活源占60%;各类非点源占26.5%。 相似文献
804.
利用气相色谱-质谱联用(GC/MS)和液相色谱-质谱联用(LC/MS)对碱减量印染废水特征污染物在不同条件下生物降解产物进行了研究.结果表明,对苯二甲酸(TA)、分散橙4RL、分散蓝2BLN3种特征污染物在好氧环境和厌氧环境中都可以降解,其中TA最容易降解,2BLN次之,4RL的生物降解性能最差.4RL分解过程产生大量对微生物具有很强的抑制作用的苯胺类物质;易降解物质的添加可以增强难降解物质的分解,这种作用在厌氧条件下更加明显.对特征污染物的分解规律进行了分析和推断. 相似文献
805.
本文采用二段生物处理和物化处理相结合的处理方法处理某大学校区生活污水,实现处理效率高、占地面积小、工程投资低等特点,处理后各项指标均达到《生活杂用水水质标准》(CJ25.189),处理费用为0.690元/m^3。 相似文献
806.
807.
民勤沙尘源区近地面降尘特征研究 总被引:5,自引:2,他引:3
借助近地面沙尘暴监测系统进行沙尘暴监测,分析民勤沙尘源区近地面降尘分布特征.结果表明:民勤降尘量与沙尘天气发生频率密切相关,春季3,4月沙尘高发期月降尘量分别为9.0和9.5 mg/cm2.降尘随距地面高度的增加而减小,最大降尘出现在近地面1 m处,月降尘量为9.7 mg/cm2;降尘受下垫面条件影响较大,从荒漠区到绿洲边缘,风速减弱4.11%,总降尘量由25.0 mg/cm2减少到20.6 mg/cm2;绿洲内部受防护林作用,风速减弱30.45%,总降尘量增到24.6 mg/cm2,最大降尘量提高到近地面9 m处,与绿洲防护林冠层平均高度相吻合.风速对近地面20m内的降尘影响明显,平均降尘量2.5 mg/cm2.距地面9 m的高度范围内,降尘随持续时间变化迅速增加,降尘增量可达3.1 mg/cm2. 相似文献
808.
秋季嘉兴PM2.5质量浓度特征分析 总被引:3,自引:3,他引:0
利用膜采样、颗粒在线称重方法和维萨拉气象仪对2004和2006年秋季嘉兴大气中ρ(PM2.5)及气象因子进行了分析.结果表明:2004和2006年秋季ρ(PM2.5)分别为(84.7±62.4)和(89.0±61.5) μg/m3;ρ(PM2.5)占ρ(PM10) 比例为42%~69%;ρ(PM2.5)日均值变化大(16.7~345.7 μg/m3),晴天ρ(PM2.5)约为阴雨天的2倍.ρ(PM2.5)日变化分析表明,晴天呈双峰双谷现象,晚高峰(16:00—20:00)ρ(PM2.5)大于早高峰(06:00—10:00),阴雨天日变化不明显.PM2.5与相对湿度无显著相关性,但在不同相对湿度下PM2.5与能见度呈显著的负指数关系.东北风和西北风是观测期内当地的主导风向,ρ(PM2.5)高值出现在西南风方向,重污染天气过程形成原因复杂. 相似文献
809.
Sediments in the Port Jackson estuary are polluted by a wide range of toxicants and concentrations are among the highest reported
for any major harbor in the world. Sediment quality guidelines (SQGs), developed by the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA) in the United States are used to estimate possible adverse biological effects of sedimentary contaminants
in Port Jackson to benthic animals. The NOAA guidelines indicate that Pb, Zn, DDD, and DDE are the most likely contaminants
to cause adverse biological effects in Port Jackson. On an individual chemical basis, the detrimental effects due to these
toxicants may occur over extensive areas of the harbor, i.e., about 40%, 30%, 15% and 50%, respectively. The NOAA SQGs can
also be used to estimate the probability of sediment toxicity for contaminant mixtures by determining the number of contaminants
exceeding an upper guideline value (effects range medium, or ERM), which predicts probable adverse biological effects. The
exceedence approach is used in the current study to estimate the probability of sediment toxicity and to prioritize the harbour
in terms of possible adverse effects on sediment-dwelling animals. Approximately 1% of the harbor is mantled with sediment
containing more than ten contaminants exceeding their respective ERM concentrations and, based on NOAA data, these sediments
have an 80% probability of being toxic. Sediment with six to ten contaminants exceeding their respective ERM guidelines extend
over approximately 4% of the harbor and have a 57% probability of toxicity. These areas are located in the landward reaches
of embayments in the upper and central harbor in proximity to the most industrialised and urbanized part of the catchment.
Sediment in a further 17% of the harbor has between one and five exceedences and has a 32% probability of being toxic. The
application of SQGs developed by NOAA has not been tested outside North America, and the validity of using them in Port Jackson
has yet to be demonstrated. The screening approach adopted here is to use SQGs to identify contaminants of concern and to
determine areas of environmental risk. The practical application and management implications of the results of this investigation
are discussed. 相似文献
810.
AB—A/O组合工艺生物脱氮的试验研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
采用AB—A/O相结合的组合工艺,对城市生活污水和部分工业废水混合的污水进行实验室处理试验研究,其污水中的COD、BOD_5去除率>90%,TN去除率60%—80%,NH_3-N去除率>90%。试验结果表明,采取这一组合处理工艺,具有良好的生物脱氮能力。通过试验研究,在提出处理工艺参数的同时,还较深入地讨论了泥龄、硝化时间和反硝化时间、污泥产量、回流比、硝化速率和反硝化速率、C/N比、A段和B段的合理配合、碳和氮的转移等问题。 相似文献