底泥扰动下藻类对不同形态磷在水体中分布的影响

研究了反复扰动与藻类共存条件下,水体中溶解性磷、颗粒态磷、生物有效磷的分布规律,并分析了颗粒物质物理化学吸附与藻类生物利用对水体中磷消失的贡献率.结果表明,扰动抑制了水体中藻类生长,叶绿素a增加量仅为3.53μg/L(初始30μg/L)和4.80μg/L(初始120μg/L),而无扰动下该值分别为21.36μg/L (初始30μg/L)和14.49μg/L (初始120μg/L).并且,溶解氧水平和pH值均低于无扰动状态.扰动导致水体中总磷和颗粒态磷显著增加,但溶解性总磷(DTP)和溶解性磷酸盐(DIP)均有所降低.对于DTP而言,扰动状态下,颗粒物质吸附占90%,而无扰动下,则降低至60%,相应地,藻类生物利用则增加至40%.无论扰动与否,BAP基本处于稳定状态,而BAPP占BAP的百分比则有所增加.扰动状态下BAPP占PP的百分比明显低于无扰动状态.这暗示了扰动对水体中磷迁移和转化的作用大于藻.     

沸石覆盖原位控制湖泊内源中等活性有机磷迁移转化

为揭示湖泊内源中等活性有机磷(MLOP)控制与释放发生机制,采用室内模拟试验,研究沸石覆盖原位控制湖泊内源MLOP迁移转化影响因子.结果表明:酸性水体促进内源MLOP迁移,碱性条件下抑制其转化,不同pH值试验水体沉积物中内源MLOP相对浓度为:[MLOP/TP]pH8>[MLOP/TP]pH7>[MLOP/TP]pH6;温度明显提高内源MLOP迁移水平,低温水体相对高温水体沉积物中内源MLOP含量较低,5℃条件下内源MLOP迁移表观量最大,其随时间迁移量呈幂函数关系,可表示为[MLOP/TP]=0.2823T0.657(R2为0.9709);好氧或厌氧条件下,内源MLOP均发生迁移,且迁移特征和影响效能高度一致,迁移平衡后好氧环境内源MLOP和厌氧内源MLOP相对浓度呈线性相关,可表示为[MLOP/TP]好氧环境=1.0884[MLOP/TP]厌氧环境 -0.0271(R2为99895);光照因子促使内源MLOP迁移,而避光和沸石粒径因素对内源MLOP迁移影响较小;底栖生物颤蚓通过爬行、摄食、掘穴、栖所建造及分泌排泄等一系列活动影响内源MLOP迁移.沸石原位控制湖泊内源MLOP迁移转化效能较弱.     

塑料管材输配水过程中有机物释放规律研究

研究了目前给水管网中常用的3种塑料管材,未增塑聚氯乙烯(uPVC),聚乙烯(PE)和无规共聚聚丙烯(PPR)管在输配水过程中有机物的释放规律.通过静态管段实验模拟给水管网中不同输配水状态,选取总有机碳(TOC)为综合评价指标,考察了不同塑料管材中有机物随时间的迁移释放特性,并分析了管材有机物释放对管网水中余氯消耗的影响.随着管材输配水次数的增加,uPVC管释放至水中的TOC浓度和TOC释放速率分别在0.03mg/L和0.04μg/(d?cm2)以下,而PE管和PPR管在输配水过程中TOC的释放浓度和释放速率在初期最大[PE: 0.19mg/L,0.25μg/(d?cm2);PPR:0.07mg/L,0.09μg/(d?cm2)],且后期递减并趋于平稳[PE:0.03~0.08mg/L,0.05~0.10μg/(d?cm2);PPR:0.01~0.03mg/L, 0.01~0.04μg/(d?cm2)].随着水力停留时间的增加,不同管材释放的有机物浓度持续升高.不同管材有机物的释放能力排序为:PE>PPR>uPVC.各管材的有机物释放特性直接影响管网水的余氯消耗特性,且管材的有机物释放量越多,管网水的余氯消耗越快.PE管的使用易引起水体有机污染问题.本研究明确了3种常用塑料管材的有机物释放规律,将进一步为与塑料管材安全性能评价相关的国家标准的修订提供理论依据.     

Enhancing soil aggregation and acetamiprid adsorption by ecofriendly polysaccharides hydrogel based on Ca2+- amphiphilic sodium alginate

Soil aggregation plays an important role in agricultural production activities. However, the structure of soil aggregation is destroyed by the natural environment and unreasonable farming management, resulting in the loss of water, fertilizers and pesticides in soil. At present, hydrogels have been widely reported to promote the formation of soil aggregation. In this paper, amphiphilic calcium alginate (ASA/Ca²⁺) was applied to promote the formation of soil aggregation and enhance pesticide retention. Initially, an ASA was obtained through the one-pot Ugi condensation (a four-component green chemical reaction). Then, ASA/Ca²⁺ hydrogel is prepared by Ca²⁺ cross-linking. The formation of soil aggregation was determined through the Turbiscan Lab Expert stability analyzer, Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope (CLSM), and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). And the effect of soil aggregation on acetamiprid environmental behavior was investigated by adsorption kinetics, adsorption isotherms, and leaching. The results shown that the three-dimensional network structure of ASA/Ca²⁺ hydrogel can promote the formation of soil aggregation. Aggregate durability index (ADI) was 0.55 in the presence of ASA/Ca²⁺ hydrogel, indicating that amphiphilic hydrogel can enhance the stability of soil aggregation. The adsorbing capacity of acetamiprid was 1.58 times higher than pure soil, and the release of acetamiprid only about 20% in the presence of ASA/Ca²⁺ hydrogel. These results would be helpful for the formation of soil aggregation and pesticides adsorption on soil aggregation. Thus, ASA/Ca²⁺ hydrogel is likely to improve soil quality, simultaneously it can minimize the mobility of pesticides in the agricultural system.     

移动电极电除尘器除尘效率的计算

移动电极静电除尘器通过清灰刷除掉阳极板上收集的粉尘,阳极系统为移动电极（即作回转运动的集尘极）阳极板呈带条状,固定在链条上,随链轮转动。移动电极静电除尘器有效克服了困扰常规电除尘器对高比电阻粉尘的反电晕及振打二次扬尘等问题,大幅度提高了除尘效率。提供常规固定电极除尘区与移动电极除尘区联合使用的除尘器除尘效率计算公式。     

Metals contamination in the foraging area of Milky Stork: evidence of anthropogenic inputs in the aquatic environment of Kuala Gula,Malaysia

The rapid decline of the wild Milky Stork population in Malaysia has led to the reintroduction of the captive bred species in Kuala Gula, Perak. The area is known as an important migratory stopover and sanctuary for both visitors and resident birds. Although Kuala Gula and its adjacent areas are regarded as pristine and unpolluted, recent study suggested that accumulation of certain pollutants is occurring in the aquatic environment of the area. Surface sediment samples from five foraging areas considered important to the reintroduced Milky Storks have been analyzed for metals contamination. The results show that elevations of Cu, Zn, and Pb ranging from 9.7 to 57 mg kg^?1, 71 to 120 mg kg^?1, and 28 to 47 mg kg^?1 have occurred, except for Cd (0.9–1.7 mg kg^?1). The accumulation of these metals is site-specific which reflects continuous anthropogenic inputs into the aquatic environment of Kuala Gula. In addition, metal levels in some areas have exceeded the effects range low values, and thus urgent action is needed to ensure good practice and sustainable management of Kuala Gula by responsible parties.     

238U、239Pu在板岩和土壤中迁移速度的实验模拟

以西南某低放废物处置库地质环境中板岩和土壤介质为研究对象,开展了238U和239Pu核素在这两种地质介质中的动态迁移实验研究,通过氚穿透实验(地下水流速=1 mL.min-1、实验柱连续淋洗时间=180 d)得到氚在板岩中的弥散系数DL为0.027 cm2.min-1,弥散度αL为0.324 cm,在土壤中的弥散系数DL为0.064 cm.2min-1,弥散度αL为0.895 cm.通过淋滤实验(地下水流速=0.1 mL.h-1、实验柱连续淋洗时间=350 min),得到了238U在板岩和土壤介质中的迁移速度分别为6.1—8.1 cm.a-1和7.3—8.5 cm.a-1,239Pu在板岩和土壤介质中的迁移速度分别为4.1—6.1 cm.a-1和3.7—4.9 cm.a-1.     

239Pu在西南某地板岩与土壤中的吸附行为

以西南某极低放废物处置库预选场址地质环境中板岩与土壤为吸附介质,通过吸附实验和解吸实验,研究了不同介质粒径、环境温度(10℃—50℃)、水相pH(4—12)对239Pu核素在板岩与土壤介质中吸附行为的影响特征.吸附实验表明,水相环境中板岩和土壤介质对239Pu核素的吸附过程在10 d左右达到平衡,并且其吸附分配比随着介质粒径的减小而增大,随着水相pH值的增大而增大,但温度对其吸附的影响不明显.解吸实验表明板岩和土壤介质对239Pu核素的吸附是可逆的.     

溴代阻燃剂在土壤中的迁移转化研究进展

BFRs（溴代阻燃剂）是一种重要的持久性有机污染物,各种传统和新型的BFRs（PBDEs、TBBPA、DBDPE、BTBPE等）在全球环境中被广泛检出,其持久性、生物蓄积性以及对环境和人类健康的潜在毒性引起了人们的极大关注.在归纳和总结国内外关于BFRs在土壤中的迁移转化行为规律研究动态的基础上,重点讨论了吸附/解吸、光降解的机理和影响因素以及厌氧、好氧微生物降解和植物代谢的特点和降解途径.结果表明:吸附/解吸是BFRs在土壤中迁移转化的关键过程,土壤有机质含量和pH是影响其在土壤中迁移的主要影响因素.光解、微生物降解是BFRs在土壤中的主要转化途径,光解是表层土壤中BFRs的主要转化过程,逐步脱溴产生低溴化产物,溴化程度、土壤有机质和矿物质会直接影响其光解速率;厌氧脱溴和好氧微生物降解是BFRs在深层土壤中的主要降解过程,溴化程度与微生物降解密切相关.土壤中BFRs被植物吸收的过程中可能被代谢为低溴化产物,在食物链中积累,危害人体健康.尽管多年来在BFRs方面的研究取得了进展,但对这类污染物的环境行为和归趋的全面了解仍然很难,随着越来越多的新型BFRs被作为传统BFRs的替代品推向市场,建议对这些新兴替代化学品在土壤介质中的迁移转化过程,特别是生物降解进行更多的调查.      

淮南市浅层地下水重金属元素的富集特征

以淮南市浅层地下水为研究对象,采集并测试了130个水样中Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Ni等元素的含量及相关指标。通过分析pH与重金属的相关性,得出了重金属在水中的富集速率,即VFe〉VCu〉VZn〉VPb〉VMn〉VNi〉VCd。利用主成分对7种重金属进行分类并分析其富集成因,最后将测试结果与土壤重金属含量相比较,确定了浅层地下水中的重金属元素的富集特征。