Should Habitat Trading Be Based on Mitigation Ratios Derived from Landscape Indices? A Model-Based Analysis of Compensatory Restoration Options for the Red-Cockaded Woodpecker

Many species of conservation concern are spatially structured and require dispersal to be persistent. For such species, altering the distribution of suitable habitats on the landscape can affect population dynamics in ways that are difficult to predict from simple models. We argue that for such species, individual-based and spatially explicit population models (SEPMs) should be used to determine appropriate levels of off-site restoration to compensate for on-site loss of ecologic resources. Such approaches are necessary when interactions between biologic processes occur at different spatial scales (i.e., local [recruitment] and landscape [migration]). The sites of restoration and habitat loss may be linked to each other, but, more importantly, they may be linked to other resources in the landscape by regional biologic processes, primarily migration. The common management approach for determining appropriate levels of off-site restoration is to derive mitigation ratios based on best professional judgment or pre-existing data. Mitigation ratios assume that the ecologic benefits at the site of restoration are independent of the ecologic costs at the site of habitat loss. Using an SEPM for endangered red-cockaded woodpeckers, we show that the spatial configuration of habitat restoration can simultaneously influence both the rate of recruitment within breeding groups and the rate of migration among groups, implying that simple mitigation ratios may be inadequate.     

The sex in short supply for matings varies over small spatial scales in a katydid (Kawanaphilanartee, Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae)

In katydids such as Kawanaphilanartee, a female bias in the operational sex ratio (OSR) results in female competition for mates and male choice of mates. Previous work showed that the excess of sexually active females occurs when food availability is low, in part because less food increases the propensity of females to mate as they forage for the large edible spermatophores produced by males. In this study with K.nartee, a pollen-feeding species, we estimate natural variation in numbers of sexually active males and females by assessing male calling activity and the propensity of females to respond to experimental calling males. We found an excess of sexually active males at a site with many flowers and an excess of sexually active females at a site with few flowers about 900 m away. Between-site differences in gut masses of calling males were consistent with the hypothesis that pollen availability controls OSR. Finally, at a third site where flowers were at first scarce, we found that the initial excess in sexually active females changed to an excess of sexually active males after a clump of grass-trees flowered. The mean gut mass of all sampled males from this site increased after flowering. The large variation in OSR that we document for K. nartee highlights the importance of identifying the appropriate spatial and temporal scales over which OSRs are measured in studies of factors controlling sexual selection. Received: 13 May 1997 / Accepted after revision: 27 October 1997     

家蚕斑纹限性品种SC_1的RAPD差异DNA片段的克隆及其酶切图谱分析

利用RAPD技术对家蚕限性普斑品种SC1的雌雄体分别进行PCR扩增通过120种引物的筛选,得到1个雌体特异的RAPDDNA片段将该片段克隆到pUC19质粒,井进行了限制性内切酶图谱分析.     

pH、温度和水土比对酸性土壤溶液中铝离子形态分布的影响

溶液中Al3 、Al-F和有机络合态铝（Al-OM的浓度随pH降低而增加,Al3 在总单核铝中所占比例随pH的降低而增加,而Al-F络合物呈相反的变化趋势.土壤中铝的溶解度与土壤中铝氧化物的结晶形态有关,处于较高纬度地区的土壤,由于铝氧化物的结晶形态较差,在相同pH下,其铝的溶解度较大.土壤溶液中有机络合态铝的浓度随温度升高而增加,在pH不变的情况下,土壤中无机铝的溶解量随温度降低而增加.随水土比增加,土壤溶液中Al3 、Al-F络合物和Al-OM浓度减小,但按每kg土计算的铝溶解量随水土比的增加而增加.     

北京市居家空气微生物粒径及分布特征研究

室内外空气微生物对人们健康的危害不仅与微生物的种类和浓度有关,而且还与微生物粒子的大小及粒径分布特征密切相关,并且不同粒径的空气微生物对人们健康影响的作用机制不同.在北京市不同方向选取31户有1～10岁儿童的家庭进行空气微生物取样,系统研究了室内家庭空气微生物粒径及分布特征.结果表明,室内空气细菌和真菌粒径分布特征不随家庭环境、季节特征、儿童性别、房屋结构的变化而变化,但空气细菌和真菌的粒径分布特征不同.总体上空气细菌和真菌粒径均呈对数正态分布,但空气细菌粒子百分比从Ⅰ级(>8.2μm)到Ⅴ级(1.0～2.0μm)逐渐增加,Ⅵ级(<1.0μm)细菌粒子百分比急剧下降,最高值出现在Ⅴ级,而空气真菌粒径百分比从Ⅰ级～Ⅳ级(2.0～3.5μm)逐渐增加,而后从Ⅳ级～Ⅵ级真菌粒径百分比急剧下降,最高值出现在Ⅳ级.不同优势真菌属的粒径分布也不相同,枝孢属、青霉属和曲霉属呈对数正态分布,最高值出现在Ⅳ级,而链格孢属为偏态分布,最高值出现在Ⅱ级(5.0～10.4μm).室内空气细菌的中值直径明显大于空气真菌,1 a中空气细菌和真菌春、夏、秋季的粒径明显大于冬季.     

潮白河周丛生物群落元素组成与水质变化的生态计量学关系研究

研究了潮白河流域中污染水体对周丛生物群落的碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)元素含量以及生态计量组成的影响.结果表明,下游潮白河NH4+-N、NOx--N分别占TN的52%和28%;上游白河则分别占1.6%和38%.潮白河TP含量(0.104 mg.L-1)为白河TP含量(0.005 mg.L-1)的21倍.白河和潮白河周丛生物C、N、P元素的变异系数分别为0.55、0.41、0.62和0.24、0.13、0.18,表明生长于白河周丛生物的元素结构变化更大.无周丛生物的水体NH4+-N和TP的浓度分别为有周丛生物的21倍和11倍.通过对TOC、TN、NOx--N、NH4+-N、TP、pH、氧化还原电位(ORP)和电导率(conductivity)等水质指标进行二元Logistic回归分析得知,水体TP为影响潮白河周丛生物生存的主要因素,其预测正确率为87.3%.周丛生物C、N、P元素间有强相关性,其中N起了"桥梁"作用.生态计量学分析进一步显示周丛生物的N∶P的比值追随水体TN∶TP的变化;并且该比值主要受水体TP浓度影响.周丛生物N∶P可用于水体TN∶TP变化的生态计量学的指示因子.本研究为进一步探究周丛生物群落结构变化,以及对高一级营养级生物群落结构和元素循环的影响奠定了基础.     

基于SOA和O3生成潜势的杭州市PM2.5和O3协同控制

2019年3月1日～2019年5月31日期间采用Syntech Spectras GC955在线气相色谱仪对杭州市大气环境中挥发性有机物（VOCs）进行了在线连续监测,分析了VOCs体积分数的组成特征、 PM_2.5和O₃协同控制的优控VOCs物种和VOCs特征污染物比值.结果表明,烷烃是VOCs体积分数中最重要的组分,贡献了62.40%. C2～C6的烷烃、苯系物、乙烯和乙炔是VOCs关键物种.烯烃和芳香烃是OFP的主要贡献组分,贡献率分别为41.35%和37.50%.芳香烃是SOA的主要贡献者,贡献率超过90%.低碳的烷烃、低碳烯烃和苯系物是OFP的关键贡献物种,控制好甲苯、间/对-二甲苯和邻-二甲苯这3种苯系物,是O₃和PM_2.5协同控制的关键.采样点大气中VOCs除了受机动车尾气的影响外,溶剂使用等工业排放的影响也较为显著.     

青藏高原淡水湖泊水化学组成特征及其演化

青藏高原淡水湖具有高生态价值和高脆弱性并存的特点.以海拔5 080 m±10 m的打加芒错湖水为研究对象,测试及分析了湖水化学组分,探讨了其主要离子来源、控制因子和湖泊水化学演化趋势.结果表明,湖水阳离子以Ca2+和Na+为主,阴离子以HCO3-为主,为HCO3-Ca型水;TDS为71.2～199.8 mg·L-1,矿化度低;受地表径流的稀释作用和富铝贫钙的地质背景约束湖区东南部水体的EC、Ca2+和HCO3-浓度均较低.湖水的Na+/(Na++Ca2+)为0.08～0.75,Cl-/(Cl-+HCO3-)为0.11～0.35,Ca/Na值为0.58,Mg/Ca值为0.12,HCO3/Na值为1.46,据Gibbs模型和元素化学计量分析表明,其化学组成主要受硅酸盐岩风化控制.湖区流域参与风化的矿物岩石包括斜长石(钙长石、钠长石)、钾长石、云母、石膏、盐岩等,但以斜长石风化为主,湖水的K/Na值平均为0.059,表明流域钾长石风化程度较低.湖水中方解石、白云石、石英、石膏等矿物饱和指数(SI)大于0,石盐的SI则小于0,揭示了青藏高原上淡水湖泊演变成咸水湖的变化趋势.     

典型化工集中区环境空气SVOCs污染特征及来源解析

于冬春两季在华东3个典型石化化工集中区设置环境空气观测点,利用PUF大气被动采样技术(PUF-PAS)采集大气中半挥发性有机化合物(SVOCs),使用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)进行分析.获得59种SVOCs的浓度,包括25种多环芳烃(PAHs)、24种正构烷烃及10种藿烷,并结合主成分分析和特征比值法解析PAHs来源.结果表明:①各观测点正构烷烃贡献率最高,其次是PAHs,分别超过60％和30％;②根据各化合物冬春季浓度变化并结合风向进行分析,推测正构烷烃C18、C29 αβ-藿烷和C30αβ-藿烷与石油化工排放有关;③PAHs单体以菲(Phe)、荧蒽(Fla)、萘(Nap)、芴(Flu)和芘(Pyr)为主,合计占比高达90.0％;④主成分分析显示观测点PAHs主要来自化石燃料燃烧、机动车尾气和石化工艺排放等,3类来源对PAHs的贡献率分别为56.0％、19.2％和8.6％,基于特征比值法的PAHs来源解析予以了验证.     

南京冬季市区和郊区气溶胶中PAHs浓度的昼夜特征及粒径分布

为了研究南京市区与郊区气溶胶中多环芳烃(PAHs)污染状况和分布特征,利用气-质联用仪(GC-MS)分析了2010年1月1～10日日间和夜间分别在南京大学和南京信息工程大学采集的气溶胶样品,得到南京市区与郊区17种PAHs浓度,总浓度分别为41.36～220.35 ng.m-3和45.10～200.86 ng.m-3,其中约66%～67%分布于细粒子(Dp≤2.1μm)中.研究发现,南京市区和郊区气溶胶中PAH总浓度均处于较高的水平;但两者昼夜变化趋势不同,即市区PAH总浓度日间高于夜间,郊区PAH总浓度日间低于夜间.主导风向的改变和高压天气系统对PAH浓度变化影响较大;在市区其影响主要表现在细粒子部分,而郊区主要表现在粗粒子部分.市区和郊区不同环数的PAHs粒径分布不同;2～3环PAHs,郊区含量高于市区;而4～6环PAHs,市区含量高于郊区.高环数(4～6环)PAHs在粗模态出现较大浓度峰可能是由于南京地区粗模态气溶胶中碳含量较高.市区和郊区相似的特征比值说明两者的PAHs具有相同污染来源,主要为生物质及煤的燃烧和汽车尾气,表明南京市区PAHs受到郊区工业源排放影响较大.