Constructing an Interdisciplinary Flow Regime Recommendation1

Bartholow, John M., 2010. Constructing an Interdisciplinary Flow Regime Recommendation. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 1-15. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00461.x Abstract: It is generally agreed that river rehabilitation most often relies on restoring a more natural flow regime, but credibly defining the desired regime can be problematic. I combined four distinct methods to develop and refine month-by-month and event-based flow recommendations to protect and partially restore the ecological integrity of the Cache la Poudre River through Fort Collins, Colorado. A statistical hydrologic approach was used to summarize the river’s natural flow regime and set provisional monthly flow targets at levels that were historically exceeded 75% of the time. These preliminary monthly targets were supplemented using results from three Poudre-specific disciplinary studies. A substrate maintenance flow model was used to better define the high flows needed to flush accumulated sediment from the river’s channel and help sustain the riparian zone in this snowmelt-dominated river. A hydraulic/habitat model and a water temperature model were both used to better define the minimum flows necessary to maintain a thriving cool water fishery. The result is a range of recommended monthly flows and daily flow guidance illustrating the advantage of combining a wide range of available disciplinary information, supplemented by judgment based on ecological principles and a general understanding of river ecosystems, in a highly altered, working river.     

钢筋混凝土结构抗火研究进展与趋势

火灾高温对钢筋混凝土结构材性有显著影响,极易造成结构损伤、破坏甚至倒塌。在大量阅读国内外文献的基础上,从建筑火灾发展过程研究、钢筋混凝土结构在火灾中的行为研究、钢筋混凝土结构抗火设计方法的研究、火灾后钢筋混凝土结构的损伤评估和加固方法的研究等4个方面对钢筋混凝土结构抗火研究进行了论述;总结了目前国内外钢筋混凝土结构抗火研究的主要进展及成果;指出了结构抗火研究尚存在的一些问题;最后,对结构抗火研究趋势进行了展望。     

Evidence of hydrocarbon contamination from the Burgan oil field, Kuwait: interpretations from thermal remote sensing data

The paper presents the application of thermal remote sensing for mapping hydrocarbon polluted sites. This has been achieved by mono-window algorithm for land surface temperature (LST) measurements, using multi-date band 6 data of Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM). The emissivity, transmittance and mean atmospheric temperature were used as critical factors to estimate LST. The changes in the surface emissivity due to oil pollution alter the apparent temperature, which was used as a recognition element to map out oil polluted surfaces. The LST contrast was successfully used to map spatial distribution of hydrocarbon pollution in the Burgan Oil field area of Kuwait. The methodology can be positively used to detect waste dumping, oil spills in oceans and ports, besides environmental management of oil pollution at or near the land surface.     

Effects of Water Withdrawal From Ice‐Covered Lakes on Oxygen,Temperature, and Fish1

Abstract: In northern regions, large volumes of water are needed for activities such as winter road construction. Such withdrawals, particularly from small lakes, can reduce oxygen concentrations and water levels, potentially affecting aquatic organisms. Withdrawal limits have been developed by regulatory agencies, but are largely theoretical. Water withdrawal thresholds were tested in two small lakes by removing 10% and 20% of their respective under‐ice volumes and comparing oxygen parameters, temperature, over‐wintering habitat, and northern pike (Esox lucius) abundance to reference conditions. Because of a milder winter, oxygen parameters were elevated in reference lakes in the period following withdrawal compared to the prewithdrawal period. The 10% withdrawal resulted in a ?0.2 m shift in the oxygen concentration profile at 4 mg/l in that lake, but had no effect on total volume‐weighted oxygen, or volume of over‐wintering habitat. In contrast, the 20% withdrawal caused 0.7 m reduction in the oxygen concentration profile at 4 mg/l compared to the previous year, a 26% decline in the volume‐weighted oxygen concentration, and a 23% reduction in the volume of over‐wintering habitat compared to prewithdrawal conditions. Water temperatures were slightly (≤ 10%) colder in the upper strata in the year following the withdrawal in both withdrawal and reference lakes. Northern pike abundance was not impacted by water withdrawals in either of the lakes. The results of this study show that the effects of water withdrawal on the parameters investigated reflected the characteristics of the lakes, and would therefore be expected to vary from lake to lake. Policy development to mitigate impacts must therefore reflect the site‐specific nature of water withdrawal.     

硫高温腐蚀及腐蚀产物氧化自燃性的研究

随着炼制原油硫含量的增加,炼油装置的硫腐蚀问题也日益严重.针对硫高温腐蚀状况,用差热-热重分析仪研究硫与Fe(OH)3、Fe2O3和Fe3O4发生硫化腐蚀反应的初始温度,并采用X射线衍射仪鉴定了360 ℃高温无氧条件下硫化腐蚀产物的组成.结果表明,硫与Fe(OH)3、Fe2O3和Fe3O4发生硫化反应的初始温度分别为287.67 ℃、233.34℃和308.47 ℃;高温硫化腐蚀产物主要是FeS2.对硫化产物FeS2进行氧化反应,氧化升温曲线和耗氧曲线表明,硫化腐蚀产物FeS2具有很高的氧化自燃性,在一定条件下能引发油品火灾和爆炸等事故.     

基于数据分析的地铁智能温控系统方案设计

针对目前地铁站及地铁车辆内部的环境温度控制,提出一种通过数据分析随环境变化情况进行自动调节的智能温度控制系统方案.智能温度控制系统采用闭环控制,核心温控采用PID控制.阐述系统的设计原理、架构、关键技术、实际应用中的工作模式,说明环境因素采集预算子系统、温度实时监测子系统、温度预警和温度调整子系统的系统功能.     

火场中纸面石膏板显微结构的SEM分析

运用SEM(扫描电子显微镜),对经历不同火场温度的纸面石膏板试块的显微结构进行观察和分析.结果表明:纸面石膏板在受热时,其组成、结构将发生改变.当受热温度达到300℃时,护面纸与石膏芯材的结合松动,护面纸发生热分解、炭化,以及石膏芯材网状晶体骨架结构疏松、断裂、破碎,完整性遭到破坏,强度基本丧失;受热温度越高,纸面石膏板显微结构的破坏越严重.     

含湿量对混凝土结构抗火性能试验影响的探讨

较大含湿量是试验用混凝土结构的一个主要特点。根据火灾试验的特点,在大量调研的基础上,结合作者在试验中的经验教训,对含湿量对混凝土结构抗火性能试验的影响做了阐述,这些影响有关于材料性能的,有关于温度场分布的,有关于混凝土爆裂的,有关于结构变形的,有关于结构耐火极限的。重点分析了含湿量对结构变形的影响,讨论了一些有价值的建议和研究方向,对今后混凝土结构抗火性能试验有较大的借鉴意义。     

圆柱形无约束气云爆炸高温效应研究

为了分析无约束可燃气云爆炸产生的高温伤害效应,建立了相应的数学模型,利用有限体积的离散方法,对无约束空间内甲烷浓度10％、高径比为1的圆柱形可燃气云爆炸的瞬态温度场进行了数值研究。研究结果表明,圆柱形可燃气云爆炸的温度场呈不对称性分布,靠近地面处足最危险区域,高温可能达到的最大怪直高度和最大水平距离分别约为圆柱体高的2倍和半径的3．2倍。对数值模拟结果的数据进行多项式拟合,得到了圆柱形可燃气云爆炸场最高温度随水平距离、初温及参与爆炸气云质量的函数关系式,给可燃气云爆炸灾害的预测及防护提供了科学依据。     

矿井风流温度预测分析研究

随着煤矿机械化程度不断提高,特别是随着开采深度逐渐增加,矿井热害问题日益突显,高温环境不仅影响生产效率而且严重危害着工作人员的健康。为了更好地降低高温矿井开采时期巷道风流温度,确定合理的巷道布置方案和矿井通风系统,提出矿井巷道风流温度预测方法。以矿井通风和热力学为基础,结合网络解算,对矿井风流温度分布进行研究,总结各种类型巷道风流温度的计算方法,提出多点风流混合温度计算模型。结合具体矿井进行实际预测分析,预测结果中显示风流温度可能超限的巷道,对通风系统进行优化设计。