压缩空气对井下热环境的降温效果研究

压缩空气是矿山井下常用动力,它具有膨胀吸热的特性,因而可用于改善井下作业环境与气候条件。通过对矿井压缩空气吸热量的计算,分析了压气对井下热工作面的降温影响,并获得了压气与工作面降温效果的数学关系。还对井下采用压气降温进行了经济评价,指出了压气降温仍为我国深井局部降温的一种可供选择的好方法。     

Spatially Disaggregated Inventories of Soil NO and N2O Emissions for Great Britain

Estimates of soil N₂O and NOemissions at regional and country scales arehighly uncertain, because the most widely usedmethodologies are based on few data, they do notinclude all sources and do not account forspatial and seasonal variability. To improveunderstanding of the spatial distribution of soilNO and N₂O emissions we have developedsimple multi-linear regression models based onpublished field studies from temperate climates.The models were applied to create spatialinventories at the 5 km² scale of soil NOand N₂O emissions for Great Britain. The N₂O regression model described soilN₂O emissions as a function of soil N input,soil water content, soil temperature and land useand provided an annual N₂O emission of 128 kt N₂O-N yr^-1. Emission rates largerthan 12 kg N₂O-N ha^-1 yr^-1 werecalculated for the high rainfall grassland areasin the west of Great Britain.Soil NO emissions were calculated using tworegression models, which described NO emissionsas a function of soil N input with and without afunction for the water filled pore space. Thetotal annual emissions from both methods, 66 and7 kt NO-N yr^-1, respectively, span the rangeof previous estimates for Great Britain.     

环境因子对长江口潮滩沉积物中NH+4的释放影响

以长江口潮滩沉积物湿样进行模拟实验,研究盐度、pH和温度等环境因子对沉积物中NH₄+释放的影响.结果表明,随着盐度和温度的上升,沉积物中NH₄+释放量都显著增加;由于潮滩沉积物缓冲性能较好,pH的影响不太明显.此外,NH₄+的释放与沉积物类型有关,沙性物质含量高的低潮滩沉积物NH₄+的释放量明显低于沙性物质低的高、中潮滩沉积物.      

环境因子对红斑顠体虫生长的影响

讨论了环境中氨氮的浓度、pH值、盐度、温度对红斑顠体虫生长的影响.结果表明,在pH值为7时,氨氮对红斑顠体虫的急性毒性半致死浓度为264mg/L;红斑顠体虫对氨氮长期接触时的最大可接受浓度在20～50mg/L;氨氮对红斑顠体虫的毒性随pH值的增加而增加;盐度在1000mg/L以下,对红斑顠体虫的死亡没有影响;温度在15～30℃,红斑顠体虫的表观增长速率满足Arrhenius拟合,其表观增长率随温度增加而增大,但35℃时红斑顠体虫的生长减缓.     

Comparing environmental influences on coral bleaching across and within species using clustered binomial regression

Differential susceptibility among reef-building coral species can lead to community shifts and loss of diversity as a result of temperature-induced mass bleaching events. We evaluate environmental influences on coral colony bleaching over an 8-year period in the Florida Keys, USA. Clustered binomial regression is used to develop models incorporating taxon-specific responses to the environment in order to identify conditions and species for which bleaching is likely to be severe. By building three separate models incorporating environment, community composition, and taxon-specific responses to environment, we show observed prevalence of bleaching reflects an interaction between community composition and local environmental conditions. Environmental variables, including elevated sea temperature, solar radiation, and reef depth, explained 90% and 78% of variability in colony bleaching across space and time, respectively. The effects of environmental variables were only partially explained (33% of variability) by corresponding differences in community composition. Taxon-specific models indicated individual coral species responded differently to local environmental conditions and had different sensitivities to temperature-induced bleaching. For many coral species, but not all, bleaching was exacerbated by high solar radiation. A 25% reduction in the probability of bleaching in shallow locations for one species may reflect an ability to acclimatize to local conditions. Overall, model results indicate predictions of coral bleaching require knowledge of not just the environmental conditions or community composition, but the responses of individual species to the environment. Model development provides a useful tool for coral reef management by quantifying the influence of the local environment on individual species bleaching sensitivities, identifying susceptible species, and predicting the likelihood of mass bleaching events with changing environmental conditions.     

Time stress,predation risk and diurnal–nocturnal foraging trade-offs in larval prey

Insect larvae increase in size with several orders of magnitude throughout development making them more conspicuous to visually hunting predators. This change in predation pressure is likely to impose selection on larval anti-predator behaviour and since the risk of detection is likely to decrease in darkness, the night may offer safer foraging opportunities to large individuals. However, forsaking day foraging reduces development rate and could be extra costly if prey are subjected to seasonal time stress. Here we test if size-dependent risk and time constraints on feeding affect the foraging–predation risk trade-off expressed by the use of the diurnal–nocturnal period. We exposed larvae of one seasonal and one non-seasonal butterfly to different levels of seasonal time stress and time for diurnal–nocturnal feeding by rearing them in two photoperiods. In both species, diurnal foraging ceased at large sizes while nocturnal foraging remained constant or increased, thus larvae showed ontogenetic shifts in behaviour. Short night lengths forced small individuals to take higher risks and forage more during daytime, postponing the shift to strict night foraging to later on in development. In the non-seasonal species, seasonal time stress had a small effect on development and the diurnal–nocturnal foraging mode. In contrast, in the seasonal species, time for pupation and the timing of the foraging shift were strongly affected. We argue that a large part of the observed variation in larval diurnal–nocturnal activity and resulting growth rates is explained by changes in the cost/benefit ratio of foraging mediated by size-dependent predation and time stress.     

Supply and demand: causes and consequences of assortative mating in common terns <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sterna hirundo</Emphasis>

Although assortative mating is widespread among long-lived monogamous birds, the underlying mechanisms still remain unclear in many species. In this study, we analysed assortative mating by age and body mass in the common tern Sterna hirundo with special regard to mate choice decisions of newly paired birds. To assess whether assortative mating by age is an active decision involving either homotypic or directional preferences or rather a passive process due to restricted availability of potential mates, we analysed the influence of age-dependent arrival date and cohort size. Furthermore, we looked for direct benefits in terms of reproductive success. Common terns mated assortatively by age and arrival date but not by body mass at arrival. Assortative mating by age was age dependent and was detected mainly in younger birds, whereas birds older than 8 years rather re-paired with younger ones. The availability of same-aged mates was restricted by cohort size and arrival date. We found no general evidence for better reproductive performance of same-aged pairs. Instead, relative reproductive success was related to own age and the relative age of mate: It should be advantageous for any bird to acquire an old mate; hence, assortative mating by age seems to be beneficial only for old terns but not for young ones. Age-assortative mating in common terns occurred by both passive and active processes, which are not mutually exclusive. Our results do not indicate a homotypic but a directional preference and support the theory that high-quality (older/experienced) individuals tend to mate assortatively if same-aged mates are available, which leaves low-quality (young/inexperienced) individuals to mate among themselves.     

温度对奶牛粪便温室气体排放的影响

采用封闭罐-气相色谱法对4种不同温度处理下奶牛粪便温室气体排放速率进行测定.结果表明,温度是影响奶牛粪便温室气体排放的主要因子,温度较低时奶牛粪便温室气体排放速率低,而且随着奶牛粪便处理温度升高而增大.在5、15、25和35℃4个处理中,奶牛粪便CO2排放速率两两之间差异显著;CH4排放速率除了5和15℃处理差异不显著之外,其他两两处理之间差异显著;35℃处理时N2O排放速率与其他温度的排放速率差异均显著,其他两两处理之间差异不显著.     

铝电解电容器加速寿命试验探讨

主要讨论了铝电解电容器加速寿命的试验条件,试验方法和注意事项。     

城市污泥堆肥过程中气温对堆体温度影响的模拟

在静态垛堆肥过程中,气温的变化会对堆体温度造成影响,这对堆肥过程中的堆体温度控制具有重要意义．但迄今为止,对此问题仍缺乏研究．本文引入小波分析方法对气温和堆体温度数据进行去噪和压缩处理,提取出气温波动引起的堆体温度波动信号,然后对气温波动信号和堆体温度波动信号进行分周期拟合,获得一一对应的振幅和相位差．结果表明,对于强制通风静态垛堆肥,气温波动对堆体下层（75cm）的影响最大,最大值为0．186℃,最小值为0．132℃,平均值为0．159℃;对中层（50cm）的影响最小,但随着堆肥进程的持续有增大的趋势;对上层（25cm）影响的最大值为0．105℃,最小值为0．065℃,平均值为0．085℃．从相位差上看,堆体中层（50cm）的相位差始终最大,在堆肥的降温期呈现明显减小的趋势;上层（25cm）的相位差随着堆肥进程的持续有明显增大的趋势;下层（75cm）的相位差在整个堆肥进程中呈缓慢升高的趋势．通过影响强度和相位差综合分析发现,堆体上层物料和下层物料在热量散失过程中可能存在两种不同的热交换机制,即上层物料以稳态热传导和自然对流为主,而下层物料则以非稳态热对流为主．