烟台四十里湾柱状沉积物氮形态地球化学特征

采用连续浸取法首次对烟台四十里湾柱状沉积物不同形态的氮进行分离,并对其垂直地球化学特征和影响因素进行分析研究.可转化态氮分为离子交换态氮(IEF-N)、弱酸浸取态氮(WAEF-N)、强碱浸取态氮(SAEF-N)、强氧化剂浸取态氮(SOEF-N).结果表明,在沉积物表层(0～10 cm)可转化态氮占总氮的26.14%,并随着深度的增加而含量降低.各形态氮占可转化态氮比例平均大小顺序为SOEF-N(89.7%)>IEF-N(7.97%)>WAEF-N(1.19%)>SAEF-N(1.14%),说明SOEF-N是可转化态氮中的绝对优势态.不同形态氮与沉积物地球化学参数之间的相关关系分析表明,沉积物含水率、总有机碳、pH值、氧化还原电位、粒度组成等因素在一定程度上影响各形态氮含量,但各站位柱状样因其沉积物特征不同受各参数影响程度也不同.     

巢湖沉积物中磷蓄积时空变化及人为污染定量评价

研究了巢湖表层沉积物及西部湖心区沉积岩芯中总磷(TP)及NaOH提取态磷(NaOH-P)、HCl提取态磷(HCl-P)、有机磷(OP)含量变化,揭示了沉积物中磷的人为污染贡献量时空变化特征.1850年以来,西部湖心区沉积岩芯中TP呈明显的3段式变化,1850～1950年,TP含量较为稳定;1950～1980年,TP含量逐渐增加;1980年以来,TP含量达到近150年来的最大值,平均为858.3 mg.kg-1.沉积岩芯中NaOH-P及OP含量变化趋势与TP一致,但NaOH-P所占TP质量分数在上述3个阶段中逐渐增加,OP所占TP质量分数相对稳定;沉积岩芯中HCl-P含量较为稳定,所占TP质量分数逐段降低.表层沉积物中NaOH-P与TP含量空间变化规律一致,总体上为西部湖区>东部湖区,北部湖区>南部湖区.采用地球化学方法对沉积物中磷含量"粒度效应"进行矫正,计算得到1850年以来上述3个阶段沉积岩芯中磷的人为污染贡献量平均分别为59.5、118.8、297.9 mg.kg-1;表层沉积物中磷的人为污染贡献量为22.9～2 500.0 mg.kg-1,由西北部湖区向东南部湖区递减,与水体TP质量浓度变化趋势完全一致.人为污染贡献的磷主要以NaOH-P结合态蓄积于巢湖沉积物中.除了农业面源污染之外,通过南淝河输入的来自合肥等城市废水是西部湖区磷污染的主要"贡献者".     

太湖表层沉积物重金属的分布、来源与生态风险评价

对2010年太湖表层沉积物样品进行pH、温度、氧化还原电位、含水率、孔隙度、粒径、总磷和烧失量这8种理化指标和Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr、Pb、Ba、Mn、Co和V这9种重金属含量测定分析.结果表明,太湖表层沉积物重金属含量大小为：Mn>Ba>Zn>Cr>V>Ni>Pb>Cu>Co,且各重金属含量均超过背景值,这9种重金属与太湖流域地质作用紧密相连,同时也受到了不同程度人类活动的影响.通过聚类分析和重金属空间分布分析可知,北太湖段和南太湖段重金属含量均从湖岸向湖心有所减少,西太湖段重金属含量从湖岸向湖心有所增高,湖心区重金属含量分布相对均匀.通过相关性分析可知,不同重金属在不同程度上具有正相关性,反映其具有同一污染来源.通过PCA和PMF分析可知,太湖重金属来源多样,交通和工业复合源是最主要的来源,成岩作用是第二主要来源,农业是第三主要来源.此外,收集分析了2000~2020年太湖表层沉积物重金属的污染情况,通过重金属地累积指数和潜在生态风险指数可知,Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr和Pb的污染程度和潜在生态风险均呈下降趋势.这为太湖今后的重金属污染控制提供了有力的理论支撑.     

鄱阳湖沉积物溶解性有机质光谱特征

目前针对鄱阳湖流域沉积物溶解性有机质(DOM)光谱特征的研究仍较少,因此基于紫外-可见光谱和三维荧光光谱技术,并结合平行因子分析法(PARAFAC),对鄱阳湖沉积物中DOM的物质组成和来源特征进行了解析.结果表明,鄱阳湖沉积物DOM的腐殖化程度较高,是陆源输入和藻类、浮游生物等内源产生的混合型,且以陆源输入为主.与碟形湖区相比,通江水域沉积物DOM的有色溶解性有机质浓度更高、 DOM粒径更大且芳香性及腐殖化程度更高.通过PARAFAC共解析出3个类腐殖质组分(C1、 C2、 C4)和1个类蛋白组分(C3).与碟形湖相比,腐殖质组分均表现为通江水域更高,其中C1组分在两区域的占比均为所有组分中最高,前者为42%,后者为46%.空间分布上,4个组分荧光强度总体上呈现东高西低的趋势,高值主要分布在都昌和南矶湿地水域附近,分析主要与丰水期水位上涨、大量植物被淹死亡和人类活动有关.主成分分析结果表明,湖区不同沉积物DOM荧光组分差异较小,但以碟形湖区沉积物DOM腐殖化程度略高.     

桂林市不同功能型公园水体微塑料的分布特征及风险评估

城市公园水体环境容量小,自净能力差,更容易受微塑料影响而造成水体微生态系统的失衡.以公园的功能特点(综合型、社区型和生态型)为基础,通过现场采样、显微观察和傅里叶红外光谱等方法,调查了桂林市公园水体微塑料的分布特征,并采用微塑料风险指数(H)和负荷指数(PLI)评估了微塑料的污染风险.结果表明,公园表层水和沉积物中微塑料的丰度范围分别为104.67～674.44 n·m^-3和95.57～877.78 n·kg^-1.微塑料形状主要包含碎片、纤维、薄膜和颗粒,且以小于1 mm的碎片和纤维为主.微塑料聚合物有聚乙烯和聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯.不同功能公园水体的微塑料丰度差异性显著,其中综合型公园的微塑料丰度最高.公园水体微塑料丰度与公园功能和入园人数密切相关.公园表层水的污染风险较低,而沉积物的污染风险相对较高.研究表明,旅游是桂林城市公园水体微塑料污染的重要来源,桂林市公园水体中微塑料污染风险总体属于轻度污染,但仍需关注其在城市小型淡水水域中的累积风险.     

博鳌近岸海域表层沉积物中持久性有机污染物的分布、来源与生态风险评价

环境中的持久性有机污染物(POPs)具有持久性、生物蓄积性、致畸、致癌和致突变等特点,低剂量POPs长期暴露也会对海洋生态系统及人类自身造成一定影响.为了解博鳌近岸海域表层沉积物中POPs的污染状况,采用气相色谱-质谱法分别分析了表层沉积物中多环芳烃(PAHs)、有机氯农药(OCPs)和多氯联苯(PCBs)这3种典型POPs的含量,讨论了POPs的分布和来源,并应用效应区间低/中值法(ERL/ERM)、平均效应区间中值商法(M-ERM-Q)和平均可能影响浓度商法(M-PEC-Q)这3种不同方法进行生态风险评价.结果表明,研究区内表层沉积物中∑PAHs、∑OCPs和∑PCBs含量(以干重计)分别为4.58～367.50、 3.99～175.30和ND～2.89 ng·g^-1,整体分布呈现出向海方向逐渐增加的趋势.POPs来源分析结果表明,研究区内PAHs的来源主要为木材和煤等的燃烧;OCPs中六六六类主要为林丹的输入,历史陆源输入已完全降解,滴滴涕类以传统DDTs类农药为主,且有持续的DDT输入;PCBs以五氯联苯为主,可能来源于航运过程中早期船体底部油漆的释放以及...     

Impact of variable nitrogen fertilisation on arthropods in cotton in Georgia, USA

Reducing fertiliser applications can reduce production costs for cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) growers, as well as nitrogen (N) leaching into the soil and contamination of surface and ground water. But altered N fertilisation may also affect pests and their natural enemies. In this study, plots with four different levels of fertiliser input (0, 45, 90 and 135 kg ha⁻¹ N) were used to investigate the influence of N on cotton pest and beneficial arthropod populations, and on cotton yield in Tifton, GA, USA. We predicted that (1) N fertilisation will correlate positively with cotton plant growth; (2) increased N fertilisation will increase pest populations because plants with more N will be more nutritious for and attractive to herbivores; (3) populations of beneficial arthropods and predation of pests will decline with increased N fertilisation because of reduced plant signaling; (4) increased N fertilisation will increase pest mortality due to parasitoids because of increased host quality. Cotton plant growth was enhanced by N fertilisation but yield was unaffected. N fertilisation significantly affected some pest arthropods but inconsistently. Mirids were most abundant in the high N treatment in 1 year of the study and cotton aphids were most abundant in the highest N treatment in the other year of the study. Arthropod predators were generally more abundant in the high N treatment but only spiders and Geocoris spp. were significantly affected by N treatment, with highest numbers present in the highest N treatment but the significant differences were each only in a single year. The greatest mortality of sentinel pest eggs (Spodoptera exigua) due to predation occurred under low N conditions. N fertilisation had no significant effects on parasitism of feral or sentinel caterpillars.     

雨水管道沉积物中典型无机氮的干期粒径分布

以南京江北新区分流制雨水管道沉积物为研究对象,考察不同粒径沉积物中铵态氮（NH₃-N）和硝态氮（NO₃^--N）干期分布特征,分析其随干期长度的变化关系,并探讨沉积物理化性质及微生物菌群结构对NH₃-N和NO₃^--N干期分布的影响.结果表明：粒径≤0.075mm的沉积物中NH₃-N占比最高（交通区30.8%,商业区36.7%）;交通区粒径≤0.075mm的沉积物中NO₃^--N占比最高（33.0%）,而商业区粒径0.075~0.15mm沉积物中NO₃^--N占比最高（34.4%）;干期长度与交通区0.075~0.15mm粒径段的沉积物中NO₃^--N含量及商业区粒径≥0.3mm的沉积物中NH₃-N含量之间的相关性均最显著;雨水管道沉积物中NH₃-N和NO₃^--N的干期分布与O-H和N-H等官能团、表面极性和亲水性、微观形貌等有一定关联;交通区雨水管道沉积物中Gemmobacter等反硝化优势菌种（相对丰度总和为20.15%）对NO₃^--N干期分布影响更显著.     

Mercury levels in sediments of central Mediterranean Sea: a 150+ year record from box-cores recovered in the Strait of Sicily

To evaluate the degree of anthropogenic mercury pollution, Hg contents have been measured for box-core sediments sampled along three nearshore–offshore transects in the Strait of Sicily and well constrained for their mineralogy, bulk geochemistry and TOC%. Hg values are generally low (from 15 to 70 μg kg⁻¹); however, depth profiles clearly display upcore rising concentrations (up to 202 μg kg⁻¹ near the SE Sicily coast) that are attributed to anthropogenic load. Based on ²¹⁰Pb chronology, these trends are more dramatic across the last 20–30 years. Geogenic influence is thought to explain some anomalies related to volcanic emission and geothermal activity. Combined effects due to eastward flowing of the Modified Atlantic Water (MAW) and sea bottom morphology drove major anthropogenic accumulation.     

Concentration and fate of persistent organochlorine pesticides in estuarine sediments using headspace solid-phase microextraction

The concentration and fate of persistent organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in estuarine surface sediments in Erh-jen and Lan-yang rivers, Taiwan were investigated using headspace solid-phase microextraction (HSSPME) method to evaluate the possible pollution potential and guideline for OCP concentrations in Taiwan. The HSSPME method exhibits a good analytical performance with low detection limits for OCP determination in sediment. In addition, results obtained using the developed HSSPME method were in good agreement with those obtained using Soxhlet extraction in a certified sample. The developed analytical method was further applied to the determination of concentrations of OCP residues in surface sediments from the estuaries of the selected rivers in Taiwan. A total of 20 surface sediments from each river was collected from 10 sampling stations. The total OCP concentrations in sediments from Erh-jen River ranged from 0.17 to 5.04 ng/g-dw with the mean values of 0.25–1.24 ng/g-dw for HCHs, 0.10–0.89 ng/g-dw for cyclodienes and 0.16–0.64 ng/g-dw for DDTs. The concentrations of OCPs in sediments from Lan-yang River were in the range 0.37–0.9 ng/g-dw with an average of lower than 0.5 ng/g-dw. HCHs and DDTs were abundant in the estuarine sediments from the selected rivers. Results obtained in this study show that the origin of OCPs in the surface sediments from Erh-jen River is a combination of erosion of the weathered soils and long-range atmospheric transport, while the OCP concentrations found in Lan-yang River could be regarded as the background levels of OCPs in Taiwan.