环境空气中PM2.5与PM10质量浓度关系的研究

采集大连市4个大气自动监测点位30dPM2.5和PM10质量浓度小时值的监测数据,通过对每个点位720个有效数据对的统计分析,研究二者质量浓度的相关性及 PM2.5/PM10比值的分布情况,并研究了气象因素对PM2.5与PM10的影响。结果表明,雾使PM2.5PM10浓度都减小,但二者比值也随之降低;强风会使PM10浓度增大,但PM2.5浓度却减小。     

Cooperatively breeding superb fairy-wrens show no facultative manipulation of offspring sex ratio despite plausible benefits

We report a long-term study of offspring sex ratios in the cooperatively breeding superb fairy-wren Malurus cyaneus. Detailed study of this species had revealed a suite of potentially strong selection pressures on the sex ratio. First, females gain substantial fitness benefits from the presence of helpers; so females without male helpers would benefit from any strategy that increased the probability of recruiting help, such as overproduction of sons (local resource enhancement hypothesis), but large numbers of helper males compete among themselves, favouring the production of daughters (local resource competition). Second, daughters fledged early in the season have far greater chances of recruitment to the breeding population than late-fledged daughters, so mothers would benefit from production of daughters early in the breeding season (early bird hypothesis). Third, extra-group mate choice imposes strong sexual selection on males, suggesting that females mating with attractive sires could benefit from investing in sons (sexual selection hypothesis). However, the predictions from these and other sex ratio hypotheses were rejected. The only convincing evidence for manipulation of the sex ratio was a slight bias towards sons (11 sons to 10 daughters) that occurred regardless of context. This result does not support current theory.     

电炉粉尘高效利用的实验室研究

电炉炉尘中富含Fe、Zn、Pb等元素,简单地将这些炉尘倾倒野外或填埋处理,由于粉尘中Pb等有毒元素会被雨水浸出,严重污染水土资源.而直接返回高炉炼铁,Zn在高炉内氧化富集则会缩短炉衬寿命、堵塞煤气管道.为减少电炉粉尘对环境的污染,实现其高效利用,采用含碳球团焙烧还原法处理该类粉尘.通过考察温度、时间等工艺因数的影响,得到了焙烧还原法合理工艺条件:碳过量系数为0.8～0.9、还原温度1 150℃、还原时间50 min.还原后的球团为半金属化球团,其全铁含量为67%左右,最高达69.8%;金属铁含量为63%左右,最高达66.5%;单个球强度在6 kN左右;收集所得氧化锌粉含ZnO 80%左右,初步实现了电炉粉尘的高效利用.     

分层抽样法在实验室废液量统计中的应用

实验室废液由于受实验室性质和科研课题数量的影响,其排放源分散,废液排放周期不定,排放水量也无规律性;因此要对一个城市和一定区域实验室的废液排放量进行准确统计监管非常困难.本文采用分层抽样中的比率估计法SRE对某城市实验室废液进行了统计.统计结果显示,该城市科研实验室废液排放总量为107.8 T,统计误差为10.04 T.实验室间的差异以及调查统计的准确性是造成误差的主要原因.该方法用于实验室废液的统计能够反映实际的废液排放情况,适合于环保管理部门用来对实验室废液进行监管.     

Standardizing the Methodology of Sperm Cell Test with Paracentrotus Lividus

The sperm cell toxicity test with Paracentrotus lividus is widely used in Italy to assess the quality of complex aqueous matrices, but at present there is a shortage of standardized methodologies for the bioassay performance. In this work several critical points were considered, in order to verify the reliability of this bioassay and to improve its standardization.In particular, we have studied the differences in EC50 values at different sperm: egg ratios and with different quantities of gametes; the influence of sperm and eggs on fertilization rate and the influence of different recipients materials (plastic or glass). At the same time, it was evaluated if the obtained EC50 values were in accordance with those reported in literature.Experiments performed yielded EC50 values for copper ranging from 16.54 μ g/l to 69.59 μ g/l, with a total mean value ± SD of 39.79 μ g/l ± 11.17. These data fit with those found in literature for other echinoid species. According to the same authors, poor fertilization was probably due to the effects on sperm and not on eggs, and moreover the linear regression analysis performed on each experiment suggested that the best amount of eggs to use in the test was 1000.Results from the comparison between the performance of the test in plastic or glass tubes showed an higher success in fertilization rate using borosilicate glass tubes.     

一种基于Landsat 8 OLI影像的水体信息提取方法研究

提出一种基于Landsat 8 OLI影像提取水体信息的斜率比值法（SR）,比对不同方法、不同类型水体和不同季节影像的数据,结果表明：SR法相比归一化差异水体指数法（NDWI）和改进的归一化差异水体指数法（MNDWI）,水体信息提取精度更高,且对阈值精确度的要求低,阈值一般设定为2.0;SR法适用于清澈水体、浑浊水体、浅水河滩等水体,对河流干流和较大支流的提取精度达到99%,细小支流、沟渠的提取精度为66%,面积较小的水体提取精度为65%;在冬季太阳高度角较低时,SR也能较好地去除阴影。     

基于卫星数据识别臭氧生成高值区的方法及其应用

近年来,我国臭氧污染问题逐步显现。为持续推动京津冀及周边、汾渭平原等重点区域环境质量改善,生态环境部实施了“千里眼”计划,构建了大气污染网格化监管体系。2020年,针对夏季臭氧污染问题,开展了臭氧生成高值区识别研究,向重点区域生态环境部门、监督帮扶现场工作组推送环境异常信息,为打赢蓝天保卫战提供了重要支撑。利用哨兵-5卫星数据,结合企业清单、用电数据、历史污染源检查问题等数据,通过RFM模型综合挖掘识别臭氧生成高值区。结果表明：京津冀和汾渭平原的大多数城市地区和工业集聚区属于VOCs控制区或VOCs-NO_x共同控制区;该方法推送的臭氧生成高值区问题率为65.3%,高出整体问题率21.5个百分点;高值区内企业发现问题率为27.1%,高出非高值区3.7个百分点,提升了2020年夏季臭氧污染防治监督帮扶的工作成效。高值区问题率、高值区内企业问题率和推送次数有关,实践结果表明,经过重复推送,高值区内企业问题率呈先升后降的规律,企业问题率拐点时间与企业整改完成周期有关。该方法对于以包装印刷、工业涂装为主导的产业集群,应用效果较好。

     

生物滴滤池处理农村废水的研究进展

生物滴滤池存在脱氮除磷效果较差、滤料易堵塞、有异味等缺点。针对不同农村地区不同水质的废水,为达到出水标准,提高运行效率,国内外很多学者对生物滴滤池进行了改进研究。滴滤池的结构设计可从降低进水有机负荷、增加含氧量和脱氮除磷分段进行等方面改进;布水方式可从减小进水水滴体积、均匀布水、适当提高布水高度等方面改进;滤料的选择可根据废水的特点选择组合滤料实现优势互补;生物膜的培养可采用人工接种挂膜和自然挂膜相结合的方式来缩短培养时间;适当提高回流比,可提高氮去除率,一般回流比设为60%~80%。生物滴滤池的不断改进使其在农村废水处理中更有优势。     

考虑脆性损伤和渗流的圆形水工隧洞稳定性分析

为获得更准确的隧洞围岩塑性范围和力学特征,基于非线性脆性损伤和统一强度理论,考虑渗流场和中间主应力系数,推导出隧洞围岩弹塑性应力和塑性范围表达式。通过算例分析,得出渗透比（围岩与衬砌渗透系数之比）等相关参数对隧洞塑性范围和应力的影响规律。研究结果表明:隧洞切向应力具有不连续性,在衬砌、塑性区交界处及弹塑性交界处均发生突变;随渗透比和围岩脆性程度的增大,围岩塑性半径逐渐增大,塑性区切向应力逐渐减小;中间主应力系数越大,围岩塑性半径越小,塑性区切向应力越大。采用注浆加固圈进行支护,可有效地降低围岩渗透性,减小塑性范围。研究成果可为水工隧洞支护设计和稳定性分析提供一定的理论指导。