CAST工艺处理低温低碳氮比市政污水中试研究

我国北方某县城采用CAST工艺处理市政污水,由于工业废水、洗浴及供暖的地热水直接排放到市政管网,导致污水厂实际进水C/N在1.4左右,且水质波动较大,改造前污水厂CAST工艺中污泥浓度过低,出水碳氮磷等指标均不达标。中试研究将原来的CAST池进行了改造,改造后的CAST工艺通过优化填料加入量及位置、控制污泥龄、增加负荷等策略,在不添加化学药剂的情况下,可高效处理低温、低C/N比市政污水,且抗冲击负荷能力强,出水COD及氮、磷等指标可稳定优于一级A标准。     

底物条件对兼氧MBR气化除磷效能的影响

以模拟养猪厂排放的高磷废水为研究对象,通过改变底物条件,考察初始C/P值、进水PO3-4-P浓度对兼氧MBR气化除磷效能的影响。结果表明:底物条件对兼氧MBR气化除磷效能的影响显著,初始C/P值过高或过低都不利于磷酸盐的去除与磷化氢的生成。当初始C/P为50时,兼氧MBR反应器对磷酸盐的去除率达到最高,平均去除率为34.22%,磷化氢的产量也达到最高,平均为277.5μg/L。同时,在碳源充足的条件下,当进水ρ(PO3-4-P)浓度为40mg/L时,兼氧MBR反应器对磷酸盐的去除率达到最高,磷化氢的产量也达到最高。工艺适用性分析表明,兼氧MBR气化除磷工艺适用于处理养殖废水、屠宰废水、肉食品加工废水等碳源充足的高磷污(废)水。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区小流域不同水体氢氧同位素特征

研究黄土丘陵沟壑区不同水体间同位素特征及水体转化关系,可以更好了解黄土丘陵沟壑区水循环特征,为评价区域环境、气候、生态建设和水资源形成机制提供依据.通过野外采集2017年整年生态建设治理条件良好的韭园沟研究区降水、河水及浅层地下水中δD和δ18O日及月平均数据及相关气象资料,运用稳定同位素技术,分析了不同水体中稳定氢氧同位素的组成关系、影响因子及时空变化,结合二端元混合模型揭示了研究区不同水体中稳定同位素间转化特征.结果显示:河水氘盈余参数在观测期间内呈现出随海拔升高而增大的趋势,河水δ18O值随着距河源距离的增大而富集,随着高度的递增而降低;气温、风速、相对湿度和降水量对大气降水氢氧同位素值均影响显著;河水在非汛期表现为降水和浅层地下水补给河水,比例分别为46%和54%,在汛期为河水和降水补给浅层地下水,比例分别为60%和40%.表明研究区"降水-河水-浅层地下水"间具有良好转化关系,生态建设措施的实施对小流域不同水体转化产生了一定影响.通过以上结果可为流域水资源开发保护及流域生态水文过程研究提供帮助,为建立黄土丘陵沟壑区流域水循环模型提供依据.     

Winter storm-related injuries in Oklahoma, January 2007

Introduction

A January 2007 ice storm occurred in Oklahoma, causing power outages and hazardous travel conditions. The objective of this investigation was to describe the nature of winter storm-related injuries among Oklahoma residents, to determine populations at risk, and to inform prevention-planning personnel.

Methods

Winter storm-related injuries were a temporarily reportable condition; all acute-care hospitals and the state medical examiner logged storm-related injuries and deaths during January 12 − 30, 2007. Medical records were retrospectively abstracted.Risk of injury was described by demographic group, injury type, and mechanism.

Results

Among 6,047 persons experiencing winter storm-related injuries, 74% were injured in falls, 13% in motor-vehicle collisions (MVCs), 8% while sledding, 1% by unintentional carbon monoxide poisoning, 1% in cleanup activities, and 3% by other mechanisms. Median age of injured persons was 39 years. Persons aged ≥ 40 years were 1.4 times more likely to experience falls as the cause of injury than those aged < 40 years, and falls were twice as likely as other mechanisms to cause fractures among persons aged ≥ 40 years. Injured persons aged < 40 years were 2.2 times more likely to experience MVC-related injuries, and 19 times more likely to experience sledding-related injuries than persons aged ≥ 40 years.

Conclusions

Younger persons were more likely injured in MVCs and sledding incidents, whereas older persons were more likely to experience falls and fractures.

Impact on industry

Prevention messages for winter storm-related injuries should target winter-driving safety tips to younger adults and precautions regarding falls to older adults.     

聚酰胺复合纳滤膜的制备及除盐研究

以聚砜超滤膜为支撑膜,分别采用1,6-己二胺、邻苯二胺和哌嗪为水相功能单体,均苯三甲酰氯（TMC）为油相功能单体,通过界面聚合法制备了纳滤膜。通过过膜试验,比较了三种配方制得纳滤膜的水通量和脱盐效率;并对纳滤膜功能层聚哌嗪均苯三甲酰胺进行深入研究,探讨了哌嗪与TMC界面聚合反应的最佳胺氯比。实验结果表明,哌嗪与TMC界面聚合反应制得的纳滤膜性能优于其他两种配方,并且当两者的胺氯比约为10∶1时,所制得的复合膜具有最佳脱盐效果。     

Crustacean habitat potential mapping in a tidal flat using remote sensing and GIS

To make a macrofaunal (crustacean) habitat potential map, the spatial distribution of ecological variables in the Hwangdo tidal flat, Korea, was explored. Spatial variables were mapped using remote sensing and a geographic information system (GIS) combined with field observations. A frequency ratio (FR) and logistic regression (LR) model were employed to map the macrofauna potential area for the Ilyoplax dentimerosa, a crustacean species. Spatial variables affecting the tidal macrofauna distribution were selected based on abundance and biomass and used within a spatial database derived from remotely sensed data of various types of sensors. The spatial variables included the intertidal digital elevation model (DEM), slope, distance from a tidal channel, tidal channel density, surface sediment facies, spectral reflectance of the near infrared (NIR) bands and the tidal exposure duration. The relation between the I. dentimerosa and each spatial variable was calculated using the FR and LR. The species was randomly divided into a training set (70%) to analyse habitat potential using FR and LR and a test set (30%) to validate the predicted habitat potential map. The relations were overlaid to produce a habitat potential map with the species potential index (SPI) value for each pixel. The potential habitat maps were compared with the surveyed habitat locations such as validation data set. The comparison results showed that the LR model (accuracy is 85.28%) is better in prediction than the FR (accuracy is 78.96%) model. The performance of models gave satisfactory accuracies. The LR provides the quantitative influence of variables on a potential habitat of species; otherwise, the FR shows the quantitative influence of a class in each variable. The combination of a GIS-based frequency ratio and logistic regression models and remote sensing with field observations is an effective method to determine locations favorable for macrofaunal species occurrences in a tidal flat.     

Ecosystem services as a counterpart of emergy flows to ecosystems

A generic input-state-output scheme has been used to represent ecosystem dynamics. Systemic approaches to ecosystems use functions that are based either on inputs, state or outputs of the system. Some examples of approaches that use a combination of functions have been recently proposed. For example the use of eco-exergy to emergy flow can be seen as a mixed input-state approach; more recently, to connect the state to the output of the ecosystem, the relation of eco-exergy and ecosystems services has been proposed. This paper studies the link between the useful output of an ecosystems and its input through the relation between ecosystem services and emergy flow, in a kind of grey/black box scheme (i.e., without considering the state and the structure of the ecosystem). No direct connection between the two concepts can be determined, but identifying and quantifying the emergy flows feeding an ecosystem and the services to humans coming from them facilitate the sustainable conservation of Nature and its functions. Furthermore, this input-output relation can be established in general by calculating the ratio of the value of the ecosystem services to the emergy flow that supports the system. In particular, the ratio of the world ecosystem services to the emergy flow supporting the entire biosphere has been calculated showing that, at least at the global level, Nature is more efficacious in producing “money” (in form of ecosystem services) than economic systems (e.g., national economies and their GDP).     

Prediction of germination rates of weed species: Relationships between germination speed parameters and species traits

In fields, the timing of weed emergence flushes is mostly related to the timing and rate of seed germination, which depend on seed dormancy level, soil temperature and water potential conditions as well as soil tillage and crop sowing date. Seed germination parameters are essential in weed dynamics models to account for the effects of soil conditions on weed demography. Since these parameters are difficult to measure, our objective was to test the possibility of estimating them from easily accessible information. Seed germination parameters (germination lag-time, time to mid-germination and mid-germination rate) were measured or collected from the literature for 25 weed species with contrasted seed characteristics. Correlations were then searched for between these parameters and morphological, chemical and physiological seed traits as well as seed dormancy level. The dormancy level was positively correlated with speed of germination parameters. Earliness of germination was positively correlated with seed lipid content and the seed area to mass ratio. Germination was also earlier and faster in species with a high base temperature for germination. These relationships explained about half the observed variability in germination speed parameters but should be further tested before being used to predict the germination behaviour of weed species in the field in different seasons.     

化工厂场地酸化土壤工程化中和修复案例研究

对江苏某化工厂酸化地块进行了氧化钙中和修复工程研究。Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ号地块剖面混合土样pH值分别为3.56、4.68和4.74,土壤修复目标定在pH值为6~8基本近中性。通过室内试验确定Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ号地块土壤生石灰掺混比例为0.5%、0.3%和0.3%;现场中试后Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ号地块石灰掺混比例调整为0.7%、0.35%和0.3%;中试结果用于场地机械搅拌工程修复,修复过程中定期随机采样对中和效果进行连续监测。监测结果基本达标后请第三方对修复效果进行评估,最后土壤回填压实。修复结果表明借助于科学的石灰添加量和工程机械混合措施,能快速有效地修复酸化地块土壤。     

2009年秋至2010年春我国西南地区干旱及与历史场次干旱对比分析

2009年10月至2010年4月,我国西南地区由于受厄尔尼诺影响,气温偏高、降雨偏少,发生了秋冬春三季连旱,耕地受旱面积占全国同期耕地受旱面积的78%,受灾人口和大牲畜饮水困难头数都达到了近十年来该地区的最高水平.通过对比本次和历史场次干旱发现,西南干旱并非稀遇现象,195l～1990年的40年间该地区曾发生干旱12次...