2009年秋至2010年春我国西南地区干旱及与历史场次干旱对比分析

2009年10月至2010年4月,我国西南地区由于受厄尔尼诺影响,气温偏高、降雨偏少,发生了秋冬春三季连旱,耕地受旱面积占全国同期耕地受旱面积的78%,受灾人口和大牲畜饮水困难头数都达到了近十年来该地区的最高水平.通过对比本次和历史场次干旱发现,西南干旱并非稀遇现象,195l～1990年的40年间该地区曾发生干旱12次...     

间歇式曝气生物滤池对焚烧垃圾渗滤液深度脱氮的研究

为了提高焚烧垃圾渗滤液深度处理的脱氮效率,构建并启动了间歇式曝气生物滤池(IABF).在曝气阶段停止进水、停曝阶段进水的运行方式下,考察了曝气停曝时间比、运行周期、水力停留时间、碳氮比和气水比对反应器脱氮效率的影响.结果表明,在曝气停曝时间比为1:1,运行周期为1h,水力停留时间8h,COD/TN为4:1,气水比5:1的条件下,IABF取得最佳脱氮效率,平均出水TN可达到19.39 mg·L-1,NH4+-N为9.48 mg·L-1.TN和NH4+-N的平均去除率分别为87.5％和84.1％,出水水质达到《生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准(GB16889-2008)》.     

硫酸盐/氨的厌氧生物转化试验研究

采用厌氧上流式生物膜反应器,通过控制不同的水力停留时间、进水n(NH+4-N)/n(SO2-4-S)和HCO-3浓度研究了无机营养条件下硫酸盐/氨的厌氧生物转化特性.结果表明,反应器中NH+4和SO2-4发生了同步去除,最大NH+4-N和SO2-4-S去除速率分别为47.6 mg·(L·d)-1和16.9 mg·(L·d)-1,稳定去除率最高分别超过了80%和43%;反应过程中有NO-3-N的明显生成,出水NO-3-N浓度最大时为77.6 mg·L-1,整个过程中,未检测到S2-的生成,有单质硫附着在生物污泥表面;由于控制条件的不同,会产生不同的n(NH+4-N)/n(SO2-4-S)转化比,表明NH+4和SO2-4的厌氧生物反应并不是简单地接续反应,反应器中存在更为复杂的反应过程和转化途径.     

Quantification, morphology and source of humic acid, kerogen and black carbon in offshore marine sediments from Xiamen Gulf, China

Three types of macromolecular organic matters (MOMs), i.e. humic acid (HA), kerogen+black carbon (KB), and black carbon (BC) were extracted from marine sediments of Xiamen Gulf, southeast of China. The chemical composition, morphological property and source of the three extractions were characterized by elemental analyzer/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (EA/IRMS) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed that KB was the predominant fraction in MOMs, which accounted for 61.79%-89.15% of the total organic content (TOC), while HA consisted less than 5%. The relative high contents of kerogen and BC, and low contents of HA in the samples indicated that anthropogenic input might be the major source of organic matter in marine sediments near the industrial regions. The characterization of SEM, not only revealed morphological properties of the three fractions, but also allowed a better understanding of the source of MOMs. The δ 13 C values of the three fractions suggested that materials from terrestrial C 3 plants were predominant. Furthermore, the anthropogenic activities, such as the discharge of sewage, coal and biomass combustion from industry nearby and agricultural practices within drainage basin of the Jiulong River, were remarkably contributed to the variations in δ 13 C values of MOMs in the offshore marine sediments.     

利用餐厨废油制取生物柴油的影响因素研究

为了有效提高餐厨废油制取生物柴油(脂肪酸甲酯)的产率,降低生产成本,通过正交试验和单因素实验,系统分析醇油比、催化剂浓度、反应时间、反应温度等主要因素对利用餐厨废油制取生物柴油的影响.结果表明,醇油比、催化剂浓度、反应时间、反应温度等因素对餐厨废油制取生物柴油均具有显著影响,各因素影响显著性大小顺序为搅拌速度＞催化剂投加量＞反应时间＞醇油比＞温度;利用餐厨废油生产生物柴油的较佳工艺条件为搅拌强度为60 r·min-1,醇油质量比为0.22∶1,催化剂质量浓度1.0％,反应时间3h,反应温度60 ℃.     

Experimental Study on the Effects of Population Density of Bloodsucking Mosquito (Aedes communis Deg.) Larvae on Their Biological Characteristics

Results of laboratory experiments on the effects of population density of Aedes communis Deg. larvae on their growth, survival, and sex ratio are presented. At the highest density, larval mortality increased by factors of 1.5 and 2.2, the duration of preimaginal development increased significantly, and the weight of pupae was 11 and 14.7% smaller than in low-density populations. The sex ratio was the same in both cases. The absolute numbers and the biomass of insects per cultivation vessel were greater in high-density populations.     

Role of sex and breeding status in grooming and total tick load of impala

The lesser mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus) is a prosimian primate which presents evidence of sex ratio bias of offspring that agrees with the direction of bias predicted by the local resource competition model for facultative sex ratio adjustment. That is, females overproduced sons when grouped prior to mating, whereas isolated females exhibited the opposite tendency. In this solitary species, social communication relies heavily on urinary chemical signals. To test the hypothesis that sex biases induced by social factors may be linked to urinary cues, isolated females were exposed (n = 76) or not (control group, n = 16) to urinary cues from other reproductively active females from the beginning of the breeding season (induced by long photoperiod) until oestrus. During that period, females were either continuously (n = 17) or partially (n = 59) exposed to chemosignal stimulation. Females in oestrus were placed in contact with a breeding male and subsequently isolated until they gave birth. All females entered oestrus but the timing of oestrus was significantly delayed by 1 week in urine-exposed females. A general depressive effect of long-term urine exposure on fecundity was demonstrated, involving fewer impregnations, higher abortion frequency and smaller litter sizes. Among females giving birth (n = 55) to a total of 129 young, a significant positive correlation was found between sex ratio bias towards males and the duration of urine exposure. However, the shift in sex ratio at birth depended on the duration of urine stimulation during a sensitive period extending from the beginning of the long photoperiod until the beginning of the follicular phase. In the absence of urinary cues during the sensitive period, females significantly overproduced daughters (32% males of 53 newborn). As urine exposure increased during the sensitive phase, the proportion of males in litters increased from 54% males (n = 50) in partially urine-exposed females to a significant bias towards males (69.2% of 26 newborn) in totally exposed females. The biased sex ratio in response to chemical cues did not show consistent relationships with maternal body weight, parity or litter size. Although the intrinsic mechanisms involved in sex-biased conceptions are not known, chemical cues could interact with the photoperiodic control of gonadotropin secretions. Received: 14 January 1995/Accepted after revision: 26 November 1995     

Reproductive rates,operational sex ratios and mate choice in St. Peter’s fish

Operational sex ratio (OSR) theory predicts that sexual differences in potential reproductive rates (PRRs) create biases in the OSR and thus determine the relative strength of sexual selection (competition and choice) operating on each sex. Although this theory is well accepted, empirical studies that quantify it are still lacking. This paper presents such a study. I measured the natural OSR of Galilee St. Peter’s fish (Sarotherodon galilaeus) in the field (Lake Kinneret) and examined the direction of mate choice in the laboratory. The OSR in Lake Kinneret was male biased. Both a male-biased sex ratio and higher male reproductive rates (twice as fast as females) contributed to the skew in the OSR, but the sexual differences in PRR were shown to be the main factor causing variation in the OSR. Females, the sex with the lower PRR, were more selective for mates. The faster male reproductive rate may explain why females are more selective for mates despite varying less in quality. Received: 29 May 1995/Accepted after revision: 13 April 1996     

洞庭平原褐家鼠种群动态和繁殖特性

褐家鼠是洞庭平原稻作区的主要害鼠之一，在房舍区数量动态复杂，季节消长基本上属春冬双峰型，在农田区数量季节消长为夏秋双峰型。褐家鼠总雌性比为５２．０％，全年繁殖．３～１０月为繁殖盛期，盛期平均怀孕率为３４．９１±８．６９％，平均胎仔数为８．２±ｌ．０，４、７、９月出现怀孕高峰，１１月至翌年２月为繁殖低潮期。褐家鼠在洞庭平原７０年代数量较低，８０年代初暴发成灾，８０年代后期数量有逐步下降趋势。针对种群特征，提出了控制褐家鼠种群数量的对策。