清洁生产发展及应用前景

本文阐述了清洁生产在工业与环境领域中的地位、性质及作用,综述了在工业化日趋成熟的当今世界开展清洁生产的途径、促进清洁生产普及的手段及存在问题,介绍了清洁生产在世界各国及在中国的发展状况和应用前景     

乳酸发酵液淋洗铅锌矿尾矿坝口底泥中的重金属铅

为了降低尾矿中重金属对环境造成的危害,利用乳酸发酵液对铅尾矿坝口底泥进行了淋洗研究,从而探析低分子质量有机酸在土壤重金属淋洗修复中的应用前景。结果表明：乳酸对底泥中的Pb具有较好的去除率,当选择发酵菌种为米根霉,发酵时间为48?h,米根霉发酵生产的乳酸含量可达到14%;该发酵液对Pb的去除率达到了19.52%,与同一酸度纯乳酸淋洗铅的去除率仅差2.6%。从铅的形态分析可知,乳酸发酵液对尾矿坝口底泥中酸可提取态铅和可氧化态铅的去除率分别为80%和50%。利用发酵生产有机酸淋洗修复土壤中的重金属具有很好的潜力。     

芬顿试剂氧化-PAC吸附工艺处理电厂排污水

开发了芬顿试剂预氧化-粉末活性炭(PAC)吸附组合工艺处理电厂循环冷却排污水。首先分别研究了芬顿试剂氧化法和粉末活性炭吸附法对有机物的去除效果,发现2种工艺在最佳处理条件时仍存在处理效果较差、药剂费用高等问题。因此,开发了芬顿试剂预氧化-PAC吸附组合工艺,研究了该工艺的影响因素,并进行小试实验。结果表明,该组合工艺在不改变原水的初始pH、H2O2与Fe2+的摩尔比为1以及H2O2的投加浓度为25 mg·L-1时得到最佳的预处理条件。在最佳预氧化条件下投加0.15 g·L-1的PAC进行了4级逆流吸附小试实验,结果表明:该工艺处理效果稳定、药剂费用低,出水满足排放要求。     

Evaluation and Trend Analysis of Surface Water Quality in Zhengzhou in 1998–2008

Abstract

Water pollution is one of the major environmental problems, especially in urban areas. Due to rapid urban expansion and industrialization, water pollution in Zhengzhou City, the capital of Henan Province in central China has become a serious problem for its development. In this study, the surface water quality was evaluated using Nemerow Comprehensive Pollution Index (NCPI), and the change trend was calculated using methods of Mann-Kendall test and Sen’s slope estimator, based on the monitoring data from 1998 to 2008. The results show that the NCPI ranged from 3 to 50 in 70% of the monitoring cases, implying that most rivers were seriously polluted. However, this serious polltuon is expected to be gradually improved, as the concentration of water pollutants and NCPI declined significantly in most rivers. Water pollution in reservoirs was much lower than rivers, and the NCPI in the three monitored reservoirs was lower than 3 in most years, and shows a downward trend. Although the surface water quality was gradually improved, great efforts are still needed to enhance the protection and improvement of surface water environment.     

New Institutional Mechanism in China Facilitating the Global Sustainability—Environment to Be Counted in Officials' Performance Rating

Abstract

Having argued the importance of China's sustainable development in global sustainability, the authors review the achievements of China in sustainable development, especially its institutional construction. Environment to be counted in official's political performance rating system is thought of as a new institutional mechanism in China facilitating its sustainable development and then global sustainability. Then its significance is narrated and visions in future are envisioned. In the end, certain concrete suggestions for the rating system are given in a practical way.     

2000年以来中国城市化的发展格局及其与经济发展的相关性

基于对城市化概念的认识,通过测算中国各城市的人口、经济和空间城市化率及其增长速度,运用Arcgis93支持下的热点分析方法,考察2000~2008年中国城市单元城市化水平增长的空间分布特征,揭示了中国城市化的空间模式,认为2000年以来中国的城市化发展热点仍然在东部沿海,主要围绕环渤海和珠三角两大城市化热点城市群,向东北、西北、西南等冷点区中心辐射、梯度推移;城市化的发展速度与地区经济发展水平有一定的空间相关性,但与经济增长格局有较大偏差,现有经济发展水平对于城市化的拉动作用相对经济增长更为明显;城市化空间格局的形成受自然、历史、政策、经济、人口等诸多因素的影响,其作用机制主要包含政府主导的“自上而下”和市场主导的“自下而上”两种道路,未来政府作用将逐渐弱化,推力的主动力地位将进一步强化