Comparing environmental product footprint for electronic and electric equipment: a multi-criteria approach

Electronic and electric devices are now applied in most human activities: their diffusion is increasing worldwide; furthermore, most of them are characterized by a high replacement rate due to technological obsolescence. Consequently, environmental problems due to their diffusion are increasing; several aspects are involved from the energy consumption derived from their manufacturing processes and their use phases to their end-of-life (EOL) management. Such legislative (e.g. the European Energy Efficiency directive for household appliances) or voluntary interventions (e.g. based on the ISO standards) have been introduced for such devices: the aim is to incorporate environmental considerations in product design and manufacturing in order to benefit the environment. Some attempts are focusing on defining standardized models for the overall lifecycle including waste management. The aim of this paper is to introduce a reference model for comparing environmental product footprint of electrical and electronic equipment (EEE). All life cycles of EEE will be evaluated: a specific focus is on the EOL management process as their waste management represents a complex problem for developed and developing countries. A multi-criteria decision-making model will be developed based on the well-known analytical hierarchy process (AHP) method: differently from traditional AHP applications, an absolute model has been proposed in order to compare EEE effectively from an environmental point of view. A case study validation regarding large household appliances is proposed.     

Aerobic biotransformation of decabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE-209) by Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Aerobic biodegradation of decabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE-209) by Pseudomonas aeruginosa under the influence of co-metabolic substrates and heavy metal cadmium ion was studied, The results showed that certain amount of co-metabolic substrates, such as glucose, sucrose, lactose, starch, and beef extract, would promote the biodegradation of PBDE-209, among which glucose most favorably accelerated PBDE-209 degradation by about 36% within 5 d. The highest degradation efficiency was reached at the ratio of PBDE-209 and glucose 1:5 while excessive carbon source would actually hamper the degradation efficiency. Exploration of influences of cadmium ion on PBDE-209 biodegradation indicated that degradation efficiency was stimulated at low concentrations of Cd²⁺ (0.5–2 mg L⁻¹) while inhibited at higher levels (5–10 mg L⁻¹), inferring that the heavy metals of different concentrations possessed mixed reactions on PBDE-209 bioremoval. Bromine ion was produced during the biotransformation process and its concentration had a good negative correlation with the residues of PBDE-209. Two nonabromodiphenyl ethers (PBDE-208, PBDE-207), four octabromodiphenyl ethers (PBDE-203, PBDE-202, PBDE-197, PBDE-196) and one heptabromodiphenyl ethers (PBDE-183) were formed with the decomposition of PBDE-209, demonstrating that the main aerobic transformation mechanism of PBDE-209 was debromination.     

EMS产品振动试验操作常见问题的发现和解决

对EMS(汽车发动机管理系统)产品在振动试验操作中的常见问题、以及如何发现和解决这些问题作了介绍并从中得到结论,EMS产品振动试验操作中的常见问题是可以通过有效的方法及时发现或解决的。     

事故致因理论与安全理念

事故致因理论是安全科学的基本理论,是一个时期人们安全理念的集中反映。它涉及如何采取措施防止事故发生,以及谁应该对事故的发生承担责任等重大问题。从早期的事故频发倾向论到新近的系统理论事故模型,伴随着人们安全理念的不断变化,防止事故从着重对人的选择、教育和管理转向强调机械设备、生产条件的本质安全;防止事故的责任从劳动者转向设计者、管理者,从个人转向政府。     

环保标识与区域性可持续发展评估

从“商品环境影响评估”的角度,探讨环境标识与可持续发展的因果关系。世界各地现已因应环境保法例及商品的市场需求,循“品质圈”的模式革新产品。虽然生命周期评价（ＬＣＡ）是环保标识的重要支柱,可惜迄今对估并需强化它在环境安全与健康资源运用、公众咨询、环境管理和审核（ＥＭ＆Ａ）、环境补偿和生态修复等重要领域的工作,确立它在区域性可持续发展中的战略作用。文章以香港为例案,探讨推动环境标识所面对的困难和解决方     

关于提升我国环保装备技术水平的建议

从加强基础教育、提高产品标准及规范招投标市场等方面阐述了目前大多环保装备在技术含量上得不到升华的原因;介绍了一种拥有自主知识产权、节能、降耗、增效的新型倒伞曝气机;为节能、增效、减排、推动和优化发展我国环保装备产业提出了相关建议。     

体验经济时代下体验旅游产品开发策略

随着人们生活水平的提高,体验经济时代的来临,人们正进入体验消费时代,游客期望的是通过自身参与而得到难忘的整体旅游体验。结合体验旅游产品的涵义及其开发中存在的问题,分析了体验旅游产品的开发原则,从个性化、文化性、绿色产品等方面探讨体验旅游产品的开发策略具有重要的意义。     

绿色GDP核算--以海南省2004年度为例

绿色GDP核算体系的一个重要组成部分就是环境经济核算,主要核算国民经济活动对环境的影响,包括环境污染和生态破坏两个方面.从实物量与价值量两个层面对海南省环境污染进行核算,从而得到2004年海南省经环境污染调整的绿色GDP值为760.88亿元,绿色GDP指数为98.9%.     

设备运输振动试验方法探讨

本文详细介绍了设备运输试验的情况与方法要求和方法,提出了对我国运输试验的建议和意见,可以作为设计和安排运输试验的参考与借鉴.     

产碱菌株F-3-4降解2,6-二叔丁基苯酚机理研究

研究有毒化合物的生物降解途径．以鉴定有毒化合物在微生物作用下的降解中间产物．以及是否最终成为无害的产物（CO2和H2O），对人们认识有毒化合物在环境中的迁移规律及生物去除的办法．途径具有重要的启示作用。通过色质联机测试中间产物以及降解过程体系酶的变化，对产碱菌株F-3-4降解2,6-二叔丁基苯酚（2,6-DTBP）的途径和机理进行了研究。GC—MS测试结果表明。中间降解产物为乙酸、丙酮酸和异丁酸等化合物。降解过程体系酶测定结果显示．儿茶酚2，3-双加氧酶变化比较明显。表明在菌种生物降解底物过程中。主要以2，3位开裂为主。即主要以间位开裂途径进行开环反应，从而推测了F-3-4对2,6-DTBP的降解途径和机理。