绿色产品寿命周期评估方法探讨

从寿命周期评估方法出发 ,根据层次分析法中的相对标度理论 ,充分利用了专家的宝贵经验 ,统一了可定量和可定性的众多复杂因素 ,建立了一种新颖的绿色产品的评估方法。该方法是一种定性和定量相结合的方法 ,也是一种较为有前途的产品评估方法。      

Consumer product-related eye injury in the United States, 1998-2002

PROBLEM: Eye injury is currently a leading cause of visual impairment and monocular blindness in the United States. Information regarding consumer products associated with eye injuries can have important implications for the prevention of these injuries. METHODS: The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) was used to describe the types of consumer products associated with emergency department treated eye injuries in the United States from 1998 through 2002. RESULTS: The leading product type associated with eye injuries was welding equipment followed by household cleaners, basketball equipment, workshop equipment, and adhesives. Eye injuries attributed to hardware, tools, construction, sports, toys, and lawn equipment were more common among males. In females, eye injuries attributable to chemicals, housewares, storage and organization, and bed and bath items were more common. Differences were also apparent across the age spectrum. CONCLUSION: This study identified specific products and categories of products frequently associated with eye injury and prevention initiatives should focus on these items. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: This study has identified consumer products associated with eye injuries requiring medical treatment in the United States. Manufacturers of these products could be encouraged to add or strengthen safety messages regarding the potential for eye injury.     

Assessing sustainability in nature-inspired design

In the field of sustainable product development, a new perspective for approaching sustainability has been advocated, challenging designers and engineers to aim beyond ‘reducing unsustainability’. Several design strategies – including Biomimicry and Cradle to Cradle – have been suggested for developing truly sustainable, or ‘beneficial’, products. But do these strategies help in developing such products, and how to assess their ‘sustainability’? Based on a review of the objectives in nature-inspired design, we argue that assessing environmental sustainability is not straightforward. Whereas both Biomimicry and Cradle to Cradle build on the perspective of ‘achieving sustainability’, current life-cycle assessment-based tools are geared towards reducing current impacts. As a consequence, existing tools are insufficiently equipped for the purpose of the assessment: they do not cover some of the main results that nature-inspired design is set out to accomplish. To be able to include these results, we propose two new constituents to current life-cycle-based product assessment: assessing against conditions of sustainability and assessing ‘achievement’, the extent to which these conditions of sustainability have been achieved. Furthermore, the product context needs to be included for assessing beneficial impacts. This article discusses how these constituents can contribute to an assessment tool that enables designers and engineers to assess the development of environmentally sustainable solutions.     

浅析振动环境中典型电子产品的损伤规律

在分析电子装备结构特点及冲击振动环境影响因素基础上,阐述了电子产品在振动环境中的损伤机理与模式,以某型雷达装备为试验对象,选取该装备某型组合体与电路板进行冲击振动与扫频振动试验,分析了电子产品在振动环境中损伤的一般规律。试验表明:电子产品在振动环境中的损伤不仅与振动类型及幅值有关,也与其自身结构有着密切的关系。     

绿肥在现代农业中的地位──论广东绿肥的发展前景

绿肥可以解决有机肥源不足的困难，减少化肥用量，节省成本和能源消耗，改善土壤环境，提高土壤肥力和地力；提高作物产量和产品质量；促进畜牧业的发展。本文根据广东的实际，指出广东的现代化农业需要大种绿肥，也可以大种绿肥。要使广东的绿肥生产得到恢复和发展，必须抓好如下的措施：从战略高度来认识绿肥的重要性；加强领导，把它提到重要的议事日程上来；广泛开展试验示范，并加强宣传发动；增加经济投入，省、市、县各级要设立绿肥种子繁育和经营风险金。     

餐厨废油捕收剂浮选高炭粉煤灰

通过对餐厨废油进行处理,制备餐厨废油捕收剂用以处理高炭粉煤灰.分别采用机械活化试验确定高炭粉煤灰原灰的最佳机械活化时间,通过不同温度工况的浮选试验获得餐厨废油捕收剂的脱炭性能规律并同常规捕收剂煤油对比,通过FTIR、SEM、TG等技术对餐厨废油捕收剂和脱炭产物进行系统分析.结果表明：最佳机械活化时间为30min,最佳温度工况下,浮选炭热值可达到中高热值燃料要求,产物脱炭粉煤灰矿物成分可达到Ⅰ级粉煤灰标准.真正实现了"以废治废"和"变废为宝",对环境保护、节能减排和资源的综合利用有着重要意义.     

化学品安全技术说明书管理探究

我国化学品安全技术说明书制度在实施过程中还存在较多问题,为了更好地促进我国化学品管理,本文针对我国化学品安全技术说明书管理中的常见问题进行讨论与分析,提出管理建议,指出应提供安全技术说明书的化学品范围应分为合规管理与更高社会责任要求;安全技术说明书原则上应由生产企业编制,进口化学品在特殊情况下也可由进口企业组织编制;安全技术说明书在使用时应结合具体使用条件进行使用安全性评估等。     

不同养殖水体Cu的特征

采用野外采样和室内分析,试验结果表明池塘、稻田、水库水中Cu有超标样本,溪河水中Cu含量较低,不同养殖水体底泥和鱼肉中Cu均无超标样本。模拟结果表明鱼肉中Cu同水中Cu有直线关系,稻田水中Cu同鱼肉中Cu呈倒数曲线关系,因此控制养殖水中Cu的输入对鱼产品质量安全有重要意义。     

惠州市农业土壤中邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)含量的分布特征

用气相色谱法(GC-FID)对地处珠三角地区的惠州市49个农业土壤样品中的16种PAEs化合物进行了测定。结果表明,PAEs的检出率高达100%,其中土壤中PAEs含量范围为183.48～2 037.56 ug/kg,平均600.42 ug/kg,以DnBP、BEHP和DEHP等为主。在3种主要利用类型土壤中,∑PAEs含量高低排序为菜地水田果园。与美国土壤PAEs控制标准相比,惠州土壤中的DnBP、DMP和DEP含量超标,其中DnBP的超标率达85.71%。总体上惠州市农业土壤已受到一定程度的PAEs污染,但同其它地区相比处于较低水平。     

基于稀疏表示的火灾自动报警系统产品性能评价

性能良好的火灾自动报警系统可以有效地避免和减少火灾发生,降低火灾带来的损失。根据《火灾自动报警系统性能评价》(GB/Z 24978—2010)中提出的火灾自动报警系统的产品性能评价一级指标,制定了详细的二级指标,由于各二级指标的相互耦合性,先根据二级指标对一级指标的隶属度建立模糊关系矩阵,再对此模糊关系矩阵进行带稀疏性约束的非负矩阵分解,得出稀疏性较高的初始运算矩阵;通过对样本的二级指标进行评价并得出评价向量,据此评价向量和稀疏分解后的关系矩阵进行运算,可得出火灾自动报警系统的产品性能评价等级。