可持续发展与绿色产品设计实现的途径

本文论述了产品设计与可持续发展的关系,认为绿色产品设计是实现可持续发展的有效手段之一,绿色产品设计包括寿命周期评价、生态设计和可持续产品设计等。低物质化、再循环、生态标志,宣传教育和政府行为等是绿色产品设计可以采取的方法和途径。     

农贸市场噪声对其周围环境的影响

对某农贸市场的场内噪声,场界噪声及其周围居民区环境噪声进行了监测,结果表明,农贸市场营业时,噪声监测值内,场界及居民区均超标;农贸市场不营业时,场界除３个测点略超标外,余达标,居民区略超标。就农贸市场噪声对其周围环境的影响,提出了控制对策。     

白银市工业污染源重金属排放特征分析

以甘肃省白银市为例,利用等标污染负荷法和单位产值等标污染负荷法,从污染物种类、时间变化、空间分布、行业排放4个方面,分析了白银市工业污染源重金属的排放特征,重点比较了2000—2010年期间重金属排放特征的变化。结果表明,近11年以来白银市工业污染源重金属等标污染负荷大小排序为砷>铅>镉>汞>六价铬;重金属排放总量呈下降趋势,单位产值重金属排放总量呈显著下降趋势;但是定量趋势分析的结果则显示最近5年仅有砷和镉呈下降趋势,而汞和铅呈现明显上升趋势;2009年重金属等标污染负荷和单位产值等标污染负荷最大的行政区和流域分别为白银区和白银市东大沟流域;污染负荷和单位产值污染负荷最大的行业均为金属制品业。因此,白银市应将白银区东大沟流域沿线的金属制品业行业,特别是白银公司的重金属污染作为环境整治的重点。     

安徽省休闲度假旅游产品现状及优化研究

在对安徽省休闲度假旅游产品现状分析的基础上,提出优化对策——整合资源,构造休闲度假新格局;调查市场,优化产品结构;创新产品,提升竞争力等。为发展安徽休闲度假旅游,编制休闲度假旅游规划提供理论借鉴。     

苏北乡土文化旅游产品开发研究

乡村文化是乡村旅游开发的灵魂。以江苏北部地域为靶区,在分析乡土文化概念的基础上,指出苏北乡土文化系统主要包括海洋文化、两汉文化和传统农耕文化等文化序列。以睢宁县为例,分析了小区域范围内乡土文化景观的展示形式,构建了苏北乡土文化系统的层次结构,提出了开发苏北乡土文化旅游产品的开发对策。     

Integration of DFE and DFMA for the sustainable development of an automotive component

The recent developments in manufacturing organizations recognize sustainability as an important value addition for survival in the competitive scenario. The design engineers are in search of approaches for creating environmental conscious products. The purpose of this paper is to report a research carried out for ensuring sustainable product design by the integration of Design for Environment (DFE) and Design for Manufacture and Assembly (DFMA) methodologies. In this context, this paper reports a case study carried out in an automotive component. The candidate product is the charge alternator pulley. The existing pulley has been created using Computer Aided Design. Then sustainability analysis was conducted on the existing component for determining environmental impact. This is followed by the engineering analysis of the component using ANSYS. Then conceptual design changes were developed in the proposed product using DFMA concept. Then the environmental impact has been evaluated in terms of carbon footprint, energy consumption and air/water impacts on proposed product. It has been found that the optimized pulley design possesses minimal environmental impact. The result of the case study indicated that the integration of DFE and DFMA concept could initiate new developments in sustainable designs with minimal impact to the environment and it also reduces the product cost.     

Fibre reinforced polymers in the sports industry – Life Cycle Engineering methodology applied to a snowboard using anisotropic layer design

Technological development has had huge impacts in sports performance throughout the years, fostering the development of specific materials and manufacturing processes for sports-related products. Within this context, a new technology for snowboards was developed taking advantage of the internal coupling effects of Fibre Reinforced Plastics (FRP) using an anisotropic layer design. This work deals with the technical, economic and environmental evaluation of a snowboard made of three alternative materials, namely carbon, glass and flax fibre reinforced plastics. It shows how a life cycle analysis can support the design and development of products by applying a Life Cycle Engineering methodology to the design process of a snowboard using an innovative technology. In this case, both the material choice and the fiber placement angles have a significant impact on the stiffness of the resulting FRP and thus in the three dimensions of analysis - cost, environmental and technical. The natural fiber is the most sustainable option environmentally, the glass fiber is the best one economically and the carbon fibre is the best in terms of technical performance. Therefore, the importance attributed to each dimension of analysis is pondered and traded-off to allow an aggregated analysis of the alternatives and a well-informed decision-making.     

Evaluation of the European Space Agency Climate Change Initiative Soil Moisture Product over China Using Variance Reduction Factor

In this study, we evaluated the European Space Agency Climate Change Initiative soil moisture product v02.1 (ESA CCI SM v02.1) using in situ observations collected at 547 stations in China from 1991 to 2013. A conventional validation was first conducted, and the triple collocation errors of ESA CCI SM and the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting reanalysis data were approximately 0.053 and 0.050 m³/m³, respectively. To obtain more reliable validation results, the average soil moisture of the in situ observations per ESA CCI SM pixel was also used as the validation sites. Variance reduction factor (VRF) was adopted to quantify the accuracy of the soil moisture validation sites, and the average VRF was estimated at 4.88%. The validation results were enhanced by excluding validation sites with VRF errors greater than 5% from the statistical analysis. Although the ESA CCI SM underestimated the in situ observations with a Bias of 0.05 m³/m³, a moderately high correlation coefficient of 0.44 and a relatively small unbiased root‐mean‐square difference of 0.05 m³/m³ were observed. This study provides information on the utilization of ESA CCI SM for ecological protection, climate change, and hydrological forecasting. It also suggests the adoption of VRF for future error corrections of satellite‐based products.     

农地产权变迁呈现出结构细分特征的原因分析

文章通过构建产权细分、市场发展与租值界定的分析框架,系统分析了改革开放之后农地产权变迁呈现出结构细分特征的内在机理。研究表明:1国家由于农地租值耗散而对农地产权结构管制的放松,构成了农地产权结构逐渐细分的前提与背景;2农地产权变迁与市场形成的互动发展过程,使得农地产权界定出每个阶段的农地租值,进而表现出"收益权-使用权"再到"收益权-使用权-处分权"的结构细分特征,并且每一次的农地产权结构细分都是包含既有产权内容的"螺旋式上升"。在理论上揭示出:如何有效界定农地租值是农地产权界定是否有效的关键,而农产品和农地要素市场作为发现并最大化租值的过程与场所,其自身形态的变动与农地产权结构的细分存在相互作用的内在关系,由此构成农地产权结构逐渐有效细分的关键。据此文章建议继续放松农地产权与市场双重管制,以市场自发交易的形式探索农地产权改革,实现农地产权结构进一步细分。     

Transformation products of pharmaceuticals in surface waters and wastewater formed during photolysis and advanced oxidation processes - degradation, elucidation of byproducts and assessment of their biological potency

The significance of transformation products of pharmaceuticals resulting from the parent compounds during natural and technical photolytic processes and advanced oxidation processes has only recently started to attract the interest of the scientific community. Even though relevant studies have now started to produce important knowledge, still many gaps exist that hinder the in-depth and broad understanding of the extent of the potential problems stemming from the presence of such compounds in the environment and the applicability of such techniques for wastewater and potable water treatment. The great diversity of pharmaceutical compounds, the variety of processes and conditions applied by the various research groups active in the field, and the endless list of potential biological endpoints that could potentially be explored, coupled with the limitations related to the analytical capabilities presently available, are some of the crucial parameters that characterize this challenging research direction. This review paper tries to highlight some of the most relevant studies performed so far and to summarize the parameters that prevent scientists from reaching comprehensive conclusions in relation to the formation, fate, and effects of transformation products of pharmaceutical compounds during photo-driven and advanced oxidation processes.