水铝钙石类阴离子黏土在水污染处理领域应用的研究现状

水铝钙石(Hydrocalumite)是一种阴离子黏土,又称"弗里德尔盐"(Friedel’s Salt),属于层状双金属氢氧化物(LDHs),可通过多种低成本方法人工合成.水铝钙石的层间阴离子具有可交换性,且在一定温度范围内焙烧时所获产物在水溶液中具有层状结构可恢复性,因此在水污染和固体废物处理领域有很大应用价值,已被用于水中B(OH)4-、SeO24-、CrO24-、MoO24-、Zn2+等无机组分和十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)、烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)、甲基橙(MO)、酸性大红(GR)等有机组分的去除实验研究,以及粉煤灰等典型固体废物在填埋前的预处理研究.水铝钙石类阴离子黏土对水中有害组分的去除效果受到离子种类和性质、溶液pH、去除产物溶度积常数等多种因素的影响,所涉及去除机理包括离子交换、溶解-沉淀、表面吸附等.当前利用水铝钙石去除水污染的研究基本局限于实验室研究阶段,并在严格控制的实验条件下进行,因而今后应加强其处理实际受污染水体和原生劣质水的实验研究,并尝试作为填充材料在可渗透性反应墙(PRB)等水污染原位处理装置中加以应用.     

浸取方式对废物水泥窑共处置产品中Pb,Cd和Ni浸出的影响

模拟煅烧试验制取含Pb,Cd和Ni的水泥熟料,并将其制成混凝土样品,通过水槽浸出试验研究间歇浸取方式对混凝土中Pb,Cd和Ni释放的影响. 结果表明:间歇碳化保存处理浸出液的pH为9.5～10.4,低于连续浸取处理浸出液的pH(10.3～11.0),而间歇自然保存处理的浸出液pH则与连续浸取处理浸出液的pH相近;间歇浸取过程的碳酸化作用增加了混凝土中Pb和Cd的释放,表现为间歇浸取碳化保存处理的累积浸出量最大(Pb和Cd分别为686和332 mg/m2),连续浸取处理的累积浸出量最低(Pb和Cd分别为480和203 mg/m2);间歇处理对Ni的释放影响与Pb和Cd的不同,连续浸取处理的累积浸出量最大,为155 mg/m2,而间歇碳化保存处理的累积浸出量(85 mg/m2)最小.      

Applying 3DCE to environmentally responsible manufacturing practices

A review of recent literature in the fields of operations, supply chain, and management indicates there is on-going interest in improving new product development (NPD) performance. Three-dimensional concurrent engineering (3DCE), the simultaneous design of product, process and supply chain have been proposed as a way to improve traditional NPD outcomes, such as reduced time to market, lower costs, and improved customer acceptance. There appears to be a lesser concern associated with the environmental impacts of new products. Environmentally responsible manufacturing (ERM) on new product development focuses on reduced emissions, hazardous materials elimination, and lower product weight without sacrificing functionality. This paper explores the following issue: will employing 3DCE to integrate NPD and ERM yield better benefits than the separate and uncoordinated application of environmental goals and NPD initiatives?     

Multiobjective optimisation method for life-cycle design of mechanical products

Manufacturing that minimises the exhaustion of natural resources, energy used and deleterious environmental impact is increasingly demanded by societies that seek to protect global environments as much as possible. To achieve this, life-cycle design (LCD) is an essential component of product design scenarios; however, LCD approaches have not been well integrated in optimal design methods that support quantitative decision-making. This study presents a method that yields quantitative solutions through optimisation analysis of a basic product design incorporating life-cycle considerations. We consider two types of optimisation approaches that have different aims, namely, (1) to reduce the use of raw materials and energy consumption and (2) to facilitate the reuse of the product or its parts when it reaches the end of its useful life. We also focus on how the optimisation results differ according to the approach used, from the viewpoint of the 3R concept (Reduce, Reuse and Recycling). Our method obtains optimum solutions by evaluating objectives fitted to each of these two optimisation approaches with respect to the product's life-cycle stages, which are manufacturing, use, maintenance, disposal, reuse and recycling. As an applied example, a simple linear robot model is presented, and Pareto optimum solutions are obtained for the multiobjective optimisation problem whose evaluated objectives are the operating accuracy of the robot and the different life-cycle costs for the two approaches. The characteristics of the evaluated objectives and design variables, as well as the effects of using material characteristics as design parameters, are also examined.     

Beyond behaviour change: technological artefacts and characterological development

Addressing the root causes of (un)sustainability entails fundamentally changing our ways of living. This requires going beyond technology and behaviour-oriented approaches common under the umbrella of sustainable development (SD). More fundamental change is required to increase the possibility of realizing ecological and psychological well-being. Here, such change is conceptualized as ‘characterological change’. Next to SD another domain is introduced: characterological development (CD). The potential role of design-interventions in CD is explored in this article. Two studies were conducted, a literature study and experts interviews, covering the fields of Design for Sustainable Behaviour, Persuasive Technology, Practice-Oriented Design and Philosophy of Technology. The literature study shows that current research and interventions predominantly fall within the domain of SD, leaving character and related notions largely unaddressed. The expert interviews (n = 10) show a consensus that (design) research concerning the relation between technological artefacts and human character would be valuable. Research challenges and opportunities for design towards ‘living the good life within ecological means’ are discussed.     

"双高"产品名录的制定与农药行业环境保护

论述了<"高污染、高环境风险"产品名录>(以下简称"双高"产品名录)制定的背景、依据与原则,以及演化过程,重点介绍了农药行业"双高"产品名录制定的意义、进展,以及对农药行业发展的影响等.     

碳链延长技术在有机资源回收领域的研究进展

本文综述了碳链延长技术在处理有机废料及碳资源回收领域的优势,梳理了其发展历程为后续研究提供方向指导,阐释了其生化代谢途径中物质转变、能量传递和信号传输等机理,验证了其延长为丁酸、己酸等产物的热力和动力学可行性,总结归纳了其已优化的关键反应参数和已运行的工程试验案例等方面内容.本文为揭示细胞碳链延长机制和应用碳链延长技术于实际废料治理提供理论基础和建议展望.     

废物水泥窑共处置产品中重金属的释放特性

选用欧盟固体中无机组分有效量测试方法(EA NEN7371)和块状材料中无机组分的扩散实验方法(EA NEN7375),研究了模拟混凝土样品中重金属(Cr、Ni、As、Cd和Pb)的释放特性.结果表明,混凝土中重金属的有效释放量低于总量;不同重金属的有效释放量与总量比值差异较大.扩散控制是混凝土中Cr、Ni和Cd释放的主要机理,释放曲线与斜率为0.5的直线拟合较佳,且不同区间浸出量曲线的斜率均在0.35~0.65范围内;As在释放前期有延滞现象,但中后期仍以扩散控制为主;Pb的释放为溶解控制,受浸取液的pH值影响较大.重金属扩散系数负对数值按Pb相似文献   

从生命周期评价看白色污染治理

本文论述了我国发泡PS餐盒及其替代品的发展状况和国内外的相关政策 ,采用生命周期评价的方法 ,讨论了从原料开采、生产加工、使用 ,到回收或废弃全过程不同产品的环境负荷 ,指出简单替代并不能真正解决污染问题 ,而PS餐盒的回收再利用更有益于治理白色污染和保护环境     

"虚拟产品开发"及其在环境试验中的应用

阐述了“虚拟产品开发”(VPD)的概念、形成过程、原理及现存的应用平台。结合环境试验工作,讨论了应用此技术的必要性和前景,给出了具体实施方案和几个应用的例子。