基于功能仿真的电子产品性能退化分析方法

目的研究基于功能仿真对电子产品长期工作过程中性能退化问题进行分析的方法。方法以DC-DC电源模块为对象,一种方式是直接对电源模块进行加速退化试验,并基于试验数据进行可靠性分析;另一种方式是对电源模块中性能退化关键元器件进行加速退化试验,并将试验数据模型注入到电源模块功能仿真模型中,进行性能退化仿真与可靠性分析,最终对两种分析结果进行对比,验证仿真分析技术的有效性。结果对比显示,加速退化试验分析得到的电源模块平均寿命为281 560 h,仿真分析得到的电源模块平均寿命为357 290 h。结论由于仿真分析方法只考虑了性能退化的关键元器件,结果偏乐观,但是偏差在合理的范围内,证明该方法对于性能退化可靠性分析是有效的,并且应用该方法更便于进行设计改进和迭代分析。     

印染废水中铬的活性炭吸附及资源化研究

在实验室条件下利用活性碳柱对印染废水进行了铬的吸附,对活性碳柱进行逐级加热、逆流漂洗再生,达到了较好的处理效果,同时还回收了铬盐。     

瑞平塘河氟化物污染状况调查及溯源研究

以2016—2020年地表水常规监测结果为依据,发现瑞平塘河自2017年起出现氟化物质量浓度升高现象,2020年其中1个断面氟化物质量浓度平均值达到1.25 mg/L,比2016年高出145%。为此于2021年3—6月,对瑞平塘河流域的氟化物污染状况进行实地调查并开展溯源研究。研究结果显示,2021年氟化物质量浓度超过1.0 mg/L的点位占59.34%,其中超过1.5 mg/L的点位占42.86%,表明大部分河道氟化物质量浓度已经超过水体功能区要求,对生态环境安全构成较大潜在风险。溯源调查结果表明,排除了农业源及矿山源污染的可能,乳胶制品企业排放的废水为瑞平塘河氟化物的污染来源。针对目前该行业的排放标准和环境影响评价均未提及氟化物污染,企业废水处理设施也无除氟工艺单元,缺乏有效的污染防治措施与监管要求等问题。提出,应及时组织开展该区域乳胶制品行业整治提升,增加氟化物处理工艺单元,提升出水水质,确定氟化物排放浓度限值,并对该行业排放标准做进一步研究和完善等建议。     

Toluene removal characteristics by a superimposed wire-plate dielectric barrier discharge plasma reactor

A superimposed wire-plate dielectric barrier discharge reactor was used to remove toluene in this study. The effects of oxygen content, gas flow rate, gas initial concentration and with/without catalyst on toluene decomposition were investigated. It was found that an optimal toluene removal was achieved when the oxygen content was about 5%. Under this condition, the highest toluene removal efficiency of 80.8% was achieved when the gas concentration was 80 mg/m^3. The toluene removal efficiency decreased with the increase of the gas flow rate and the initial concentration of toluene. In addition, the ozone concentration decreased with the increase of the initial concentration of toluene. It suggested that combining DBD （dielectric barrier discharge） with Co3O4/Al2O3/foam nickel catalyst in-situ could improve the toluene removal efficiency and suppress ozone formation. Products analysis showed that the main products were CO and CO2 when oxygen was more than 5%.     

峨眉山景区旅游商品的开发与营销模式

通过对旅游商品定义的综述,界定了旅游商品的定义、范围和功能,同时对峨眉山景区旅游商品的开发、需求、购买力等抽取420份问卷作为样本,分析了峨眉山旅游商品的需求现状,并以旅游者需求现状为依据,对峨眉山旅游商品的开发和营销提出了“4P＋4C＋4R”营销策略,以期对其它景区的旅游商品开发和营销具有一定的借鉴意义。     

智能家电的低待机功耗研究

从智能家电待机工作状态入手,分析电器产品中参与待机工作的各部分电路原理,提出降低潜在功耗设计思路和计算方法,从家电设计研发阶段对待机功耗进行控制,同时对待机功耗精确测量方法关键点进行解读以控制低功耗测试不确定度,有助于低待机功耗设计和测量的标准化和规范化。     

Environmental implications of planned obsolescence and product lifetime: a literature review

The aim of this paper was to explore the implications of planned obsolescence (PO) and the associated product lifetime on the environmental impact of products. To achieve this task, a literature review was performed to assess both the historical context and recent situation of planned obsolescence. A search in scholarly journals was performed to evaluate to what extent product lifetime and PO have been discussed in the recent literature. Based on the findings, selected cases of PO are discussed and trends in the practice of limiting product lifetime are identified. Factors considered to have a significant influence on product lifetime have been identified and discussed. The discussion of case studies made it possible to establish the links between product design, manufacturing and associated impacts of lifetime. The role of the actors along the value chain is also considered to propose a business scheme, where the influences of consumer behaviour and design choices are crucial. Finally, strategies to facilitate the definition of different scenarios are given. These strategies may serve to increase the reliability of environmental assessment throughout a product life cycle.     

Radionuclide transfer to animal products: revised recommended transfer coefficient values

A compilation has been undertaken of data which can be used to derive animal product transfer coefficients for radionuclides, including an extensive review of Russian language information. The resultant database has been used to provide recommended transfer coefficient values for a range of radionuclides to (i) cow, sheep and goat milk, (ii) meat (muscle) of cattle, sheep, goats, pigs and poultry and (iii) eggs. The values are used in a new IAEA handbook on transfer parameters which replaces that referred to as ‘TRS 364’. The paper outlines the approaches and procedures used to identify and collate data, and assumptions used. There are notable differences between the TRS 364 ‘expected’ values and the recommended values in the revised Handbook from the new database. Of the recommended values, three milk values are at least an order of magnitude higher than the TRS 364 values (Cr, Pu (cow) Pu (sheep)) and one milk value is lower (Ni (cow)). For meat, four values (Am, Cd, Sb (beef) I (pork)) are at least an order of magnitude higher than the TRS 364 values and eight values are at least an order of magnitude lower (Ru, Pu (beef), Ru, Sr, Zn (sheep), Ru, Sr (pork), Mn (poultry)). Many data gaps remain.     

G C/MS法测定环境空气中痕量POPs类有机氯农药及降解产物

采用快速溶剂萃取-氟罗里硅土柱净化-气相色谱/质谱联用法测定环境空气中POPs类有机氯农药及其降解产物.艾氏剂、狄氏剂、异狄氏剂、六六六、滴滴涕,七氯、氯丹、灭蚁灵及其降解产物的检出限为2.0 ng～4.6 ng,空白加标回收率为62.1%～118%,RSD为6.8%～15.2%.     

基于伤害监测的产品安全监管模式研究

鉴于缺陷产品给消费者造成的人身伤害日渐增多,通过分析产品伤害流行病学的模型,提出采用不同的干预措施,包括预警、召回、完善标准和法律等手段,及时消除由缺陷产品引起的各种伤害,而这有赖于对大量的缺陷信息的收集和分析。国外一些发达国家建立的产品伤害监测系统,通过样本医院收集由产品缺陷导致的伤害事故,被证明是一种有效的信息收集手段。为此,我国有关部门开始着手建立产品伤害监测系统的前期研究工作,并进行试点研究,取得大量一手资料。建议借鉴国外的成功经验,尽快建立适合我国国情的产品伤害监测系统,并开展有关重点产品的伤害监测活动。