爆炸喷涂制备BaF2+CaF2+Cr3 C2/Ni-Cr涂层的组织及性能

采用爆炸喷涂工艺制备出BaF2＋CaF2＋Cr3C2／Ni—Cr涂层,为找到粉末性质对涂层性能的影响关系,利用XRD衍射分析、光学显微分析、扫描电镜分析、能谱分析及显微硬度分析等方法研究对比了不同种类粉末制备出的涂层的形貌、成分及显微硬度。研究结果表明,BaF2＋CaF2＋Cr3C2／Ni—Cr粉末在爆炸喷涂制备涂层的过程中氟化物会有损失,涂层中的Ca元素和Ba元素的质量分数低于其在粉末中的质量分数;包覆型粉的沉积效率高于机械混合型粉,前者制备的涂层中氟化物含量稍高于后者。     

用13C脉冲标记法研究玉米光合碳分配及其向地下的输入

研究玉米生长对土壤有机碳的贡献对了解农田碳平衡与农业生产之间的关系具有重要意义.应用4次¹³C脉冲标记对不同生育时期（苗期、拔节、抽雄和灌浆期）玉米光合碳在玉米-土壤系统中的分配特征进行了为期1个生长季的研究.结果表明,留在地上部的¹³C占玉米净吸收¹³C的百分含量,在灌浆期标记时最大,为80.01%.在不同生育时期,玉米向地下转移的¹³C比例分别为43.24%、46.46%、30.30%和19.99%;此部分¹³C中有34.68%～77.56%被根际呼吸消耗,16.63%～57.02%存在于根部,5.05%～8.30%通过根际沉积转化为土壤有机碳.整个生育期内,玉米分配到地上部、根部、根际呼吸和土壤有机碳中的光合碳量,分别占净吸收碳量的62.39%、17.88%、17.07%和2.67%.在拔节、抽雄和灌浆期,玉米的根际呼吸分别占土壤呼吸总量的67.07%、63.31%和28.82%;同时其根际激发效应使土壤原有有机碳分解分别增加了31.11%、79.09%和120.83%.以大田玉米地上部干重18 t·hm^-2、含碳量42%计算,玉米在其生育期内输入到地下的总碳量为4.6 t·hm^-2,其中有2.1 t·hm^-2通过根际呼吸进入大气,2.2 t·hm^-2存在于根中,0.33 t·hm^-2转化为土壤有机碳.     

异养-自养耦合深度脱氮系统的生物脱氮性能研究

为探究低C/N[ρ（COD_Cr）/ρ（NO₃--N）,下同]水体的脱氮技术,分别以火山岩、火山岩/铁碳颗粒、火山岩/硫磺颗粒、火山岩/铁碳颗粒/硫磺颗粒作为填料构建R1、R2、R3和R4反应器,考察反硝化系统在不同C/N下的脱氮效果.结果表明:①随着进水C/N的降低,R1、R2和R3反应器的NO₃--N去除率逐渐降低,R4反应器则是先升后降;在C/N为1.5~2.0、系统温度为30℃、进水pH为7.0±0.2、HRT（水力停留时间）为4.0 h、进水ρ（NO₃--N）为30 mg/L时,R4反应器中NO₃--N去除率最高,平均值为90.1%.②在R2反应器中,随着反应器的运行,铁碳颗粒自身氧化表面形成氧化膜,使得铁自养反硝化作用不断减弱,脱氮效率与R1反应器相近.③运行前期,R2和R4反应器保持着较高的ρ（NH₄+-N）,随着反应器的运行,4个反应器的ρ（NH₄+-N）相当.④与R3反应器相比,R4反应器中不存在NO₂--N的累积情况,同时铁自养过程产生的碱能被硫自养过程所消耗,系统pH更适合反硝化菌生存.研究显示,C/N为1.5~2.0时,异养-铁-硫自养反硝化系统可提供充足的电子供体,减少对有机碳源的依赖,保证了稳定高效的脱氮效果.      

碳氮比对活性污泥胞外聚合物的长期影响

以人工模拟废水为研究对象,采用4组SBR反应器（R₀,R₅,R₁₀和R₁₅）,重点考察了碳氮比（C/N）对胞外聚合物（EPS）含量及其组分（蛋白质（PN）、多糖（PS）和核酸（DNA））的影响.试验结果表明：C/N对EPS及其组分具有显著影响.随着C/N由0升高至15,EPS和紧密结合型胞外聚合物（TB-EPS）含量逐渐升高,而松散型胞外聚合物（LB-EPS）含量逐渐降低,EPS以TB-EPS为主（占77.4%~93.6%）.EPS和TB-EPS中的PN、PS和DNA含量随着C/N值升高而升高,LB-EPS中的PN、PS和DNA含量随C/N升高而降低.此外,随着C/N的增大,毛细吸水时间（CST）和污泥比阻（SRF）值显著增大,污泥的脱水性能变差.     

Inhibition of thrombin by functionalized C60 nanoparticles revealed via in vitro assays and in silico studies

The studies on the human toxicity of nanoparticles (NPs) are far behind the rapid development of engineered functionalized NPs. Fullerene has been widely used as drug carrier skeleton due to its reported low risk. However, different from other kinds of NPs, fullerene-based NPs (C₆₀ NPs) have been found to have an anticoagulation effect, although the potential target is still unknown. In the study, both experimental and computational methods were adopted to gain mechanistic insight into the modulation of thrombin activity by nine kinds of C₆₀ NPs with diverse surface chemistry properties. In vitro enzyme activity assays showed that all tested surface-modified C₆₀ NPs exhibited thrombin inhibition ability. Kinetic studies coupled with competitive testing using 3 known inhibitors indicated that six of the C₆₀ NPs, of greater hydrophobicity and hydrogen bond (HB) donor acidity or acceptor basicity, acted as competitive inhibitors of thrombin by directly interacting with the active site of thrombin. A simple quantitative nanostructure-activity relationship model relating the surface substituent properties to the inhibition potential was then established for the six competitive inhibitors. Molecular docking analysis revealed that the intermolecular HB interactions were important for the specific binding of C₆₀ NPs to the active site canyon, while the additional stability provided by the surface groups through van der Waals interaction also play a key role in the thrombin binding affinity of the NPs. Our results suggest that thrombin is a possible target of the surface-functionalized C₆₀ NPs relevant to their anticoagulation effect.     

Effects of C/N ratio on nitrate removal and floc morphology of autohydrogenotrophic bacteria in a nitrate-containing wastewater treatment process

The effects of C/N ratio of a nitrate-containing wastewater on nitrate removal performed by autohydrogenotrophic bacteria as well as on the morphological parameters of floc such as floc morphology, floc number distribution, mean particle size(MPS), aspect ratio and transparency were examined in this study. The results showed that the nitrate reduction rate increased with increasing C/N ratio from 0.5 to 10 and that the nitrogen removal of up to 95% was found at the C/N ratios of higher than 5(between 0.5–10). Besides, high C/N ratio values reflected a corresponding high nitrite accumulation after 12-hr operation, and a fast decreasing rate of nitrite in the rest of operational time. The final p H values increased with the C/N ratio increasing from 0.5 to 2.5, but decreased with the C/N ratio increasing from2.5 to 10. There were no significant changes in floc morphology with the MPSs ranging from35 to 40 μm. Small and medium-sized flocs were dominant in the sludge suspension, and the number of flocs increased with the increasing C/N ratios. Furthermore, the highest apparent frequency of 10% was observed at aspect ratios of 0.5 and 0.6, while the transparency of flocs changed from 0.1 to 0.7.     

2-脱氧-3-磷酸胞嘧啶-苯醌加合物的确定

用~(32)P后标记法,HPLC及PEI·TLC同谱层析等方法对DNA-苯醌(BQ)加合物进行了研究,并对其中一个主要加合物进行了碱基定位,确证该斑点系BQ与分子DNA上的2′-脱氧-3′-磷酸胞嘧啶作用形成的加合物(dC-BQ加合物)。     

溶解性有机质在红壤水稻土碳氮转化中的作用

溶解性有机质(DOM)是土壤中活跃的C、N库,在土壤有机质分解转化等过程中有着重要的作用。但其在水田土壤C、N转化过程中究竟起多大作用仍不明确。本研究采用室内恒温培养法观测了DOM和红壤水稻土C、N矿化的关系。结果表明,去除DOM显著降低了培养期间土壤有机质的累计矿化量。其中土壤有机碳的累计矿化量下降了11.4%～20.8%(平均15.4%),且其影响主要体现在培养前期;土壤有机氮的累计矿化量下降了16.4～22.9%(平均19.2%)。研究结果初步表明,虽然DOM只占土壤有机质的很少一部分,但在红壤水稻土C、N矿化中起重要作用。     

大气CO2浓度升高对农田土壤颗粒组成及其碳周转的影响

采集FACE(Free Air CO2 Enrichment)平台下运行3年的水稻(Oryza sativaL.)/小麦(Triticum aestivumL.)轮作土壤(0~15cm耕作层土壤),利用超声波分散-湿筛分法对烘干土样进行颗粒分级,分析土壤各粒级及其碳、氮的分布特征,研究大气CO2浓度升高对土壤碳周转的影响。结果表明:高浓度大气CO2条件下稻/麦轮作3年后,土壤颗粒组成较对照发生了改变,>53μm粒级的质量分数减小27%(p<0.05),约占土壤总质量20%;53~25μm粒级的质量分数增大35%(p<0.05),约占土壤总质量25%;<25μm无明显变化,约占土壤总质量55%,三种粒级之间质量分数呈显著差异(p<0.05)。FACE条件下,不同粒级土壤颗粒碳质量分数在两个氮水平下平均为:>53μm(30.60g·kg-1),<25μm(13.08g·kg-1),25~53μm(12.85g·kg-1),氮质量分数分别为2.42g·kg-1,1.33g·kg-1,1.12g·kg-1。>53μm粒级的土壤颗粒碳、氮质量分数均极显著高于其它两个粒级(p<0.001)。FACE条件下土壤总碳、氮质量分数高于对照,增幅分别为6.2%和6.7%。从各粒级土壤颗粒碳、氮质量分数变化分析,新增碳、氮主要进入>53μm粒级中,表明该粒级土壤颗粒对土壤碳氮循环(转化和保存)起着重要作用。该研究结果表明高浓度大气CO2条件下,稻/麦轮作农田土壤将成为大气CO2的汇,这将为预测我国未来农田土壤碳的变化趋势提供科学依据。     

Impact of urbanisation on soil characteristics

Six forest locations were chosen from urban (U) and semi-urban (SU) zones of Sofia, Bulgaria. Soil profiles characterised for their generic physico-chemical properties: particle size distribution, pH, C-content (%) and N-content (%). From the ratio silt/clay and C/N, significant differences were observed for the Ah horizon in the urban and semi-urban locations. Clay formation appeared to be reduced in this horizon in the urban soils and the C-content is higher in semi-urban soils in comparison with the urban soils. On the base of the results obtained, a reduction of the buffering capability is noted for the topsoil of the urban sites compared to the semi-urban sites.