MODIS 3 km气溶胶光学厚度产品检验及其环境空气质量指示

分析了MODIS C006 3 km卫星遥感气溶胶产品的算法流程,并与AERONET观测数据进行对比验证,综合新疆阿克苏地区地面空气子站1年的颗粒物质量浓度(PM10)、环境气象资料(能见度、湿度等),评估了该高分辨率气溶胶产品的精度和稳定性.分析表明,MODIS 3 km AOD与AERONET地基AOD(Issyk-Kul)的相关系数(r)达到0.8836,满足期望误差要求,但存在高估;研究区AOD和PM10存在同步变化趋势,新疆阿克苏市区2个空气子站PM10质量浓度与AOD的相关系数(r)均大于0.55,直接对比的相关性好于类似研究;经高度订正和湿度订正后AOD-PM10的相关系数和拟合优度均有所提高,标准误差和变异系数均下降,但提升并不明显.这一相关性结果与研究区本底气象环境条件有关.MODIS 3 km AOD的季平均结果表明,阿克苏地区AOD存在显著的季节性变化,春季明显高于其他季节,主要城市春季平均AOD在1.5以上,夏季和秋季AOD均值基本介于0.6~0.7之间,阿克苏市主城区夏秋季AOD季均值仍在1.0以上,反映人口集聚、城市交通工业发展等大气人为污染的增加导致AOD的增高.结果表明,MODIS C006 3 km AOD产品质量稳定,其月、季平均等长时间尺度结果有更好的空间覆盖,可满足区域环境空气质量评估的需要.     

Modelling soil organic carbon dynamics in two long-term experiments of north-eastern Italy

Simulation models are widely used to assess the impacts of management and environmental variables on soil organic matter dynamics, to address questions on ecosystem sustainability and carbon cycling under global change. We tested the Century ecosystem model for two long-term experiments in north-eastern Italy: one (SF) comparing nutrient management treatments in small confined plots containing widely contrasting soil types (i.e., sandy, clay and peat) and the other (CR) involving a field study with crop rotation, nutrient, and management intensity variables. The organic matter changes in the SF experiment, showed a strong, linear relationship with C inputs from crop residues and added manures in the sand and clay soils, which was closely mimicked by the model. There was a net loss of soil C for all treatments in the peat soil, but the rate and overall magnitude of C losses were accurately simulated by the model, which suggested that treatment effects on soil C inputs was the major determinant of SOC dynamics in all three soils. In the CR experiment the model reasonably simulated the large initial decline (averaging about 30% of initial levels) in SOC observed in all treatments, as well as mean treatment effects over the course of the experiment. The model predicted a general pattern of higher SOC in the high management intensity, high fertility treatment combinations and lower SOC in the low management intensity, low fertility treatments; however, observed soil C did not show a clear pattern related to the treatments. Simulated soil C contents were linearly related to C input levels in the different treatments while there was no significant relationship between measured soil C and C inputs based on observed data.     

双SBR脱氮除磷工艺的数学模型分析

应用ASM2和Delft代谢模型,结合双SBR(A2-SBR)脱氮除磷系统的特点,建立了数学模拟器,并将其运用于双SBR脱氮除磷系统运行特性的动力学分析.主要探讨了不同泥龄、碳氮比、碳磷比对系统的影响,并从模型的角度进行了分析.结果表明,利用ASM2和Delft代谢模型结合所建立的数学模拟器可以对双SBR(A2-SBR)脱氮除磷系统进行模拟.双SBR中具有脱氮除磷功能的A2-SBR的运行参数是关键因素,最佳污泥龄为9～12d时,碳氮比为3.75左右,碳磷比大于15条件下,双SBR运行正常,能得到较好的处理效果.当系统在泥龄大于12d条件下运行时,由于PAO储存了大量的聚合态磷(XPP/XPAO接近0.5)造成除磷效率降低.同样的原因也导致了碳磷比值低于15时,PAO的聚磷反应变慢或停止.     

底物条件对兼氧MBR气化除磷效能的影响

以模拟养猪厂排放的高磷废水为研究对象,通过改变底物条件,考察初始C/P值、进水PO3-4-P浓度对兼氧MBR气化除磷效能的影响。结果表明:底物条件对兼氧MBR气化除磷效能的影响显著,初始C/P值过高或过低都不利于磷酸盐的去除与磷化氢的生成。当初始C/P为50时,兼氧MBR反应器对磷酸盐的去除率达到最高,平均去除率为34.22%,磷化氢的产量也达到最高,平均为277.5μg/L。同时,在碳源充足的条件下,当进水ρ(PO3-4-P)浓度为40mg/L时,兼氧MBR反应器对磷酸盐的去除率达到最高,磷化氢的产量也达到最高。工艺适用性分析表明,兼氧MBR气化除磷工艺适用于处理养殖废水、屠宰废水、肉食品加工废水等碳源充足的高磷污(废)水。     

熔渗温度和时间对 C/C-SiC-ZrC 复合材料性能的影响研究

目的研究熔渗温度和熔渗时间对复合材料密度和弯曲性能的影响。方法采用化学气相渗透法(CVI)和聚合物浸渍裂解法(PIP)制备熔渗用低密度C/C复合材料,以Si0.9-Zr0.1合金为熔渗金属,采用反应熔渗法(RMI)制备C/C-SiC-ZrC复合材料。测试C/C-SiC-ZrC复合材料的开孔率、密度、弯曲强度,分析试样的相组成。结果熔渗温度为1450℃时,复合材料的密度仅有1.97 g/cm3,弯曲强度仅为153 MPa;当熔渗温度升高到1550℃时,密度和弯曲强度分别升高到2.39 g/cm~3和260 MPa;而当熔渗温度升高到1650℃时,密度和弯曲强度又分别降为2.18 g/cm~3和208 MPa。1.5 h熔渗时复合材料的密度值最大,为2.46 g/cm~3,相对0.5 h熔渗的最小值提高了5.1%;1.0 h熔渗时复合材料材料的弯曲强度最高,达到了260 MPa,相对于1.5 h熔渗的最低值仅提高了3.2%。结论复合材料的致密度和弯曲强度随熔渗温度的升高先升高后降低,密度随熔渗时间的延长而增大,而弯曲强度随熔渗时间的延长先升高后降低,但密度和弯曲强度随熔渗时间的延长变化较小。     

某城市污水处理厂A—A^2／O工艺运行影响分析

以江南地区某城市污水处理厂A—A^2／O工艺实际运行资料为背景,对污水处理厂的工艺流程、设计参数和工艺特点进行了介绍;分别从进水水量、容积负荷、进水浓度、C／N比与C／P比、同化作用的影响等5个方面对污水厂运行影响因素进行了分析。分析结果对此污水处理厂的提标改造具有重要的参考意义。     

Pd/C气体扩散电极用于电化学降解4-氯酚的研究

采用氢气还原法制备Pd/C催化剂,利用XRD、TEM及XPS对该催化剂进行了表征,并利用此催化剂制备成新型的Pd/C气体扩散阴极;在隔膜电解体系中对4-氯酚进行降解,比较了不同通气方式下的去除效果.结果表明,所制备的催化剂中Pd以无定形态存在并高度分散在活性炭表面,形状比较规则,粒径在4.1 nm左右;制备的0.5%Pd/C催化剂表面的Pd摩尔分数达到1.29%;制备的Pd/C气体扩散阴极既对4-氯酚具有还原脱氯作用(通入H2时),又促进O2还原生成H2O2(通入O2时).采用先通氢气后通空气的方式对4-氯酚有很好的去除效果,反应60min后4-氯酚的转化率和脱氯率接近100%,120 min后阴极室COD去除率达到87.4%.因此,采用Pd/C气体扩散阴极可通过还原.氧化相结合的方法对氯酚类有机物进行降解.     

补充碳源提取液对人工湿地脱氮作用的影响

为了提高人工湿地的脱氮效率,在不同条件下分别对美人蕉、香蒲及稻杆进行稀硫酸水解,以获得相应碳源提取液.正交实验表明,稀硫酸浓度的提高和水解时间的增加都会导致碳源释碳能力的提高,稻杆在5%稀硫酸溶液中水解30 min以上,释碳能力最高.通过观察,前2 d是系统脱氮反应高峰时段.对以NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N为氮源的脱氮过程,随C/N比升高,NO₃^--N和TN去除率增长明显;而NH₄⁺-N受溶解氧制约,去除有限;随C/N比升高,碳源对系统溶解氧的竞争会进一步抑制硝化反应的彻底进行.而对以NO₃^--N为氮源的反硝化过程,补充碳源对TN和NO₃^--N的去除有明显作用;TN去除率由54%提高到95%,NO₃^--N去除率由48%提高到96%;中间产物NO₂^--N的积累与NO₃^--N去除率有关;当NO₃^--N去除率较高时,NO₂^--N无积累.此外,基质反硝化强度也随C/N比升高呈上升趋势,湿地填料细沙层的反硝化强度略高于碎石层.     

2-苯基[60]富勒烯吡咯烷衍生物的合成研究

为了给高能炸药提供钝感剂,以提高其安全性能,用甘氨酸、苯甲醛和C60等为原料合成了2-苯基[60]富勒烯吡咯烷衍生物(产物1),探讨并获得了产物1的适宜合成工艺条件: 反应物C60、苯甲醛和甘氨酸物质的量之比为1∶4∶6,温度为105 ℃,反应时间为14 h,此时产率可达到75%(以消耗的C60计).用FT-IR(傅立叶变换红外光谱)、UV-Vis(紫外可见光谱)、1H-NMR(核磁共振氢谱)和MS(质谱)表征了产物1的结构,初步探讨了产物1对HMX(奥克托今)的钝感作用.结果表明,产物1对HMX具有明显的钝感作用,添加质量分数为1%的产物1可使HMX的摩擦感度降低到33%,撞击感度降低到48%.     

The fate of the poor in growing mineral and energy economies

There are frequent suggestions that countries specializing in mineral and energy extraction have a type of growth that is bad for the poor. Others claim that extraction-led growth is particularly good for the poor. Both claims are made without the support of substantial empirical evidence. This paper uses longitudinal data on income growth by quintile in 57 developed and developing countries to statistically assess how mineral and energy extraction has affected the relationship between growth and the poor. We can find no evidence that the data support either the claim that extraction-led growth is good for the poor or that extraction-led growth is bad for the poor. This finding does not rule out that extractive activity can have special positive or negative impacts on the poor in some countries or regions. Rather, it simply brings to light that such effects are not evident as a persistent statistical phenomenon in the national level data that are available, which may be why the debate tends to move along without resolution.