活性污泥体系中C/N/S对硝酸盐还原过程的影响

采用序批式活性污泥反应器（ASBR）,通过调整进水C/N和S/N,在活性污泥体系中探究电子受体有限的条件下,不同电子供体（有机物或者S^2-）对反硝化和硝酸盐氮异化还原成铵（DNRA）过程的影响.结果表明：较高的C/N进水条件,有利于反硝化过程的进行;而较高的S/N进水条件,更有利于DNRA过程的发生;DNRA过程的特征产物NH₄⁺-N,在C/N/S=2：2：3、2：2：4条件下的出水中较明显,其中C/N/S=2：2：4条件下,NH₄⁺-N浓度达到最高为10.65mg/L.说明在电子受体有限时,过量的电子供体可促使反硝化向DNRA过程转变.采用16SrRNA分子生物学技术对不同C/N/S下的微生物菌群结构进行分析,发现与氮还原相关的Proteobacteria、Anaerolineae、Bacteroidia、Actinobacteria等菌群丰度较高,且Actinobacteria菌与DNRA过程相关.不同电子供体环境下氮转移途径的研究可为污水处理过程中碳,氮,硫的同步去除提供指导.     

[C8mim]Cl对HepG2细胞凋亡和内质网应激通路的影响

为研究离子液体氯化1-辛基-3-甲基咪唑（[C₈mim]Cl）是否通过内质网应激（ERS）通路诱导细胞凋亡,在MTT法检测细胞活力的基础上,用0,50,100,200μmol/L[C₈mim]Cl处理HepG2细胞24h后,采用流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡,western blot检测ERS通路相关蛋白表达.结果显示：[C₈mim]Cl处理后HepG2细胞凋亡呈浓度依赖性增高.ERS相关蛋白葡萄糖调节蛋白78（GRP78）、磷酸化RNA依赖的蛋白激酶样内质网激酶（p-PERK）、磷酸化真核起始因子2α（p-eIF2α）、磷酸化肌醇需求酶-1（p-IRE1）、激活转录因子4（ATF4）和ATF6显著上调.[C₈mim]Cl还显著诱导了C/EBP同源蛋白（CHOP）和半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶4（caspase 4）蛋白表达,促进了caspase 9和caspase 3活性升高.因此,[C₈mim]Cl可通过ERS通路诱导HepG2细胞凋亡.     

一体式膜曝气生物膜反应器实现部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化耦合生物除磷

针对我国城市生活污水碳氮比低、处理成本高及氮磷同步去除存在碳源竞争等问题,构建了一体式膜曝气生物膜反应器（Membrane aerated biofilm reactor, MABR）,分别采用纯生物膜系统和生物膜-絮体污泥复合系统,逐步实现了部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化与生物除磷工艺在单一反应器中的耦合及低碳氮比城市生活污水中氮、磷的高效去除.结果表明,第1阶段（纯生物膜系统）,在进水中仅含有氨氮的条件下, 部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化工艺的NH₄⁺-N和TN去除率分别为65.39%和50.67%.第2阶段（生物膜-絮体污泥复合系统）,进水中增加了有机物,在COD/TN为3的条件下,TN和PO₄^3--P的去除率分别达到89.90%和70.42%,实现了氮和磷的同步高效去除.微生物群落分析结果表明,反应器内存在大量的变形菌门（Proteobacteria）和拟杆菌门（Bacteroidota）,其中,Proteobacteria在生物膜和絮体污泥均有分布,而Bacteroidota主要分布于絮体污泥;反应器内还检测到了Candidatus Kuenenia、Candidatus Jettenia和Candidatus Brocadia 3种厌氧氨氧化菌,且 Candidatus Brocadia为优势菌属,其在生物膜上的丰度达到了3.23%;此外,Candidatus Competibacter、Defluviicoccus等聚糖菌和聚磷菌Candidatus Accumulibacter、Dechloromonas在反应器内均有大量富集,共同构成了该生物膜-絮体污泥复合系统,实现了低碳氮比城市生活污水的同步脱氮除磷.     

进水C/N对部分反硝化NO2-积累和微生物特性的影响

采用缺氧/好氧间歇运行模式,考察进水碳氮比（C/N=5.0,3.3,2.5,2.0）对部分反硝化过程亚硝态氮（NO₂^-）积累特性和污染物降解规律的影响,同时结合高通量测序,探究微生物多样性和功能菌群的演变规律.结果表明,C/N为2.5时,系统获得最佳处理效果,出水NO₂^-浓度为27.18mg/L,亚硝态氮转化率（NTR）高达67.96%;分析典型周期各污染物的降解规律发现,尽管4组工况均在缺氧30min时NO₂^-积累达到峰值（最高值分别为4.86（C/N=5.0）,16.52（C/N=3.3）,30.16（C/N=2.5）,20.28（C/N=2.0） mg/L）,但COD降解速率的不同直接影响了反硝化进程,且只有在低C/N条件（C/N=2.0~2.5）才能维持稳定的NO₂^-积累.高通量测序结果表明,除了Thauera（2.67%~24.04%）、Terrimonas（4.94%~21.19%）、Saprospiraceae（5.34%~13.50%）等常规功能菌属外,Flavobacterium（28.23%）是C/N为2.5时维持高NO₂^-积累的优势菌属.结合部分反硝化工艺的运行特点,探讨了NO₂^-作为中间产物的相关耦合工艺的应用可行性.     

Wrestling with the complexity of evaluation for organizations at the boundary of science,policy, and practice

Boundary organizations are situated between science, policy, and practice and have a goal of supporting communication and collaboration among these sectors. They have been promoted as a way to improve the effectiveness of conservation efforts by building stronger relationships between scientists, policy makers, industry, and practitioners (Cook et al. 2013). Although their promise has been discussed in theory, the work of and expectations for boundary organizations are less defined in practice. Biodiversity conservation is characterized by complexity, uncertainty, dissent, and tight budgets, so boundary organizations face the challenging task of demonstrating their value to diverse stakeholders. We examined the challenges boundary organizations face when seeking to evaluate their work and thus aimed to encourage more productive conversations about evaluation of boundary organizations and their projects. Although no off‐the‐shelf solution is available for a given boundary organization, we identified 4 principles that will support effective evaluation for boundary organizations: engage diverse stakeholders, support learning and reflection, assess contribution to change, and align evaluation with assumption and values.     

Tying enforcement to prices in emissions markets: An experimental evaluation

We present results from laboratory emissions permit markets designed to investigate the transmission of abatement cost risk to firms' compliance behavior and regulatory enforcement strategies. With a fixed expected marginal penalty, abatement cost shocks produced significant violations and emissions volatility as predicted. Tying the monitoring probability to average permit prices effectively eliminated noncompliance, but transmitted abatement cost risk to monitoring effort. Tying the penalty to average prices reduced violations, but did not eliminate them. Some individuals in these treatments sold permits at low prices, presumably in an attempt to weaken enforcement. While tying sanctions directly to prevailing permit prices has theoretical and practical advantages over tying monitoring to prices, our results suggest that tying sanctions to prices may not be as effective as predicted without additional modifications.     

Neighborhood effects in the Brazilian Amazônia: Protected areas and deforestation

This article investigates whether protected areas are efficient instruments against deforestation in the Brazilian Amazônia. A Dynamic Spatial Durbin Model taking into account both the location bias and the spatial spillover effects between municipalities allows to assess the impact of the different types of protected areas (integral protected areas, sustainable protected areas and indigenous lands) on deforestation. We show that deforestation decisions are strategic complements. The econometric results differ according to the type of protected area. It is shown that: i) integral protected areas and indigenous lands allow for reducing deforestation; ii) sustainable use areas do not help to reduce deforestation; and iii) the spillover effects generated by integral protected areas and indigenous lands lead a reduction in deforestation in their vicinity. A 10% increase in the surface area of integral protected areas (indigenous lands) allows an estimated 9.32 sq. km (10.08 sq. km) of avoided deforestation.     

Input–output analysis in an oil-rich economy: The case of Azerbaijan

This paper aims to provide empirical research to identify the linkages between final demand–total output, final demand–total supply, value-added ratios and prices, and also to analyze total factor productivity growth using input–output framework for 25 sectors. Studying the input–output tables for 2001 and 2006, the research estimates impact and response multipliers of non-oil sectors, as well as non-oil trading sectors. The results are important from the view of development of non-oil trading sectors and diversification of the economy in order to avoid the “resource curse”.     

Black swans,cognition, and the power of learning from failure

Failure carries undeniable stigma and is difficult to confront for individuals, teams, and organizations. Disciplines such as commercial and military aviation, medicine, and business have long histories of grappling with it, beginning with the recognition that failure is inevitable in every human endeavor. Although conservation may arguably be more complex, conservation professionals can draw on the research and experience of these other disciplines to institutionalize activities and attitudes that foster learning from failure, whether they are minor setbacks or major disasters. Understanding the role of individual cognitive biases, team psychological safety, and organizational willingness to support critical self‐examination all contribute to creating a cultural shift in conservation to one that is open to the learning opportunity that failure provides. This new approach to managing failure is a necessary next step in the evolution of conservation effectiveness.     

放射性核素60Co在土壤中的淋溶和迁移分布

采用模拟土柱法及同位素示踪技术研究了60Co在2种淹水土壤(小粉土、黄红壤)中的淋溶和垂直迁移.结果表明,淋溶后收集到的全部淋溶水中60Co的含量较少,小粉土及黄红壤淋溶水中60Co分别为总活度的5.61%和5.25%;滞留于土壤中的60Co绝大部分分布在土壤表层0~1.0cm范围内,小粉土及黄红壤中分别有69.74%~78.63%和75.77%~86.84%的60Co 滞留于0~1.0cm土层范围内;土壤中60Co 比活度与距土壤表层深度分布呈单项指数规律.