HABR对低C/S值工业高盐废水处理特性研究

以某电子企业的低C/S值乳化液废水为原水,经过40 d后HABR(混合式厌氧折流板反应器)启动完成,试验结果表明,在进水C/S值为2.5~1.5,p H为9.0,HRT为36 h,进水碱度为3 500 mg/L,温度为(35±1)℃条件下,SO2-4、COD去除率分别稳定在98%、65%左右。此时经污泥特性分析,发现后面4个格室已形成1套以硫酸盐还原菌为优势菌种的微生物体系,较高的进水碱度、反应器中填料的加入、含硫启动方式,是保证系统在低C/S值进水条件下仍取得高SO2-4去除率的关键。     

Coupled relationships among anammox, denitrification, and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium along salinity gradients in a Chinese estuarine wetland

Salinization in estuarine wetlands significantly alters the balance between their nitrogen (N) removal and retention abilities but these processes have not yet been characterized effectively. In the present study, the potential rates of sediment denitrification, anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox), and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) were mapped using N isotope tracing methods along salinity gradients across the Yellow River Delta wetland (YRDW) in China. The contribution of anammox to total dissimilatory N transformations in YRDW was merely 6.8%, whereas denitrification and DNRA contributed 52.3% and 40.9%, respectively. The potential rate of denitrification (5.82 μmol/kg/h) decreased significantly along salinity gradients and markedly exceeded DNRA potential rate (2.7 μmol/kg/h) in fresh wetlands, but was lower than that of DNRA in oligohaline wetlands (3.06 and 3.18 μmol/kg/h, respectively). Moreover, a significantly positive relationship between salinity and DNRA/denitrification was obeserved, indicating that increased salinity may favor DNRA over denitrification. Furthermore, total sulfur (TS) content and ratio of total organic carbon to total nitrogen (C/N) increased with the salinity gradient and showed evident positive relationships with the DNRA/denitrification ratio. In this study, we proved that increased salinization resulted in the dominance of DNRA over denitrification, possible through the addition of S and alteration of the C/N in estuarine wetlands, leading to increased N retention in estuarine wetlands during salinization, which would enhance the eutrophication potential within wetlands and in downstream ecosystems.     

Individual-based modelling of carbon and nitrogen dynamics in soils: Parameterization and sensitivity analysis of microbial components

The fate of soil carbon and nitrogen compounds in soils in response to climate change is currently the object of significant research. In particular, there is much interest in the development of a new generation of micro-scale models of soil ecosystems processes. Crucial to the elaboration of such models is the ability to describe the growth and metabolism of small numbers of individual microorganisms, distributed in a highly heterogeneous environment. In this context, the key objective of the research described in this article was to further develop an individual-based soil organic matter model, INDISIM-SOM, first proposed a few years ago, and to assess its performance with a broader experimental data set than previously considered. INDISIM-SOM models the dynamics and evolution of carbon and nitrogen associated with organic matter in soils. The model involves a number of state variables and parameters related to soil organic matter and microbial activity, including growth and decay of microbial biomass, temporal evolutions of easily hydrolysable N, mineral N in ammonium and nitrate, CO₂ and O₂. The present article concentrates on the biotic components of the model. Simulation results demonstrate that the model can be calibrated to provide good fit to experimental data from laboratory incubation experiments performed on three different types of Mediterranean soils. In addition, analysis of the sensitivity toward its biotic parameters shows that the model is far more sensitive to some parameters, i.e., the microbial maintenance energy and the probability of random microbial death, than to others. These results suggest that, in the future, research should focus on securing better measurements of these parameters, on environmental determinants of the switch from active to dormant states, and on the causes of random cell death in soil ecosystems.     

Moist Olive Husks Addition to a Silty Clay Soil: Influence on Microbial and Biochemical Parameters

To investigate the effects of moist olive husks (MOH-residues) on soil respiration, microbial biomass, and enzymatic (o-diphenoloxidase, β-glucosidase, dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase) activities, a silty clay soil was incubated with 0 (control), 8 × 10³ (D), 16 × 10³ (2D) and 80 × 10³ (10D) kg ha^?1 of MOH-residues on a dry weight basis. Soil respiration and microbial biomass data indicated that the addition of MOH-residues strongly increased microbial activity proportionally to the amounts added. Data of qCO₂ suggested that the respiration to biomass ratio of the microbial population was strongly modified by MOH-residues additions during the first 90 days of incubation. The qCO₂ data suggested a low efficiency in energy yields from C oxidation during the first 2 months of soil incubation. qFDA seemed to be relatively unaffected for treatments D and 2D as compared to the control, but was significantly lowered by the application of 10D, showing the lowest hydrolytic activity of microbial biomass in this treatment up to 360 days of incubation.

o-Diphenoloxidase activity was delayed, and this delay was extended with the addition of larger quantities of MOH-residues. Alkaline phosphatase, β-glucosidase and dehydrogenase activities were in line with the findings on microbial biomass changes and activities. The biological and biochemical data suggest that the addition of a large quantity of MOH-residues (80 × 10³ kg ha^?1) strongly modifies the soil characteristics affecting the r- and K-strategist populations, and that these changes last for at least the 360 days of incubation. The data also suggest that application rates exceeding 16 × 10³ kg ha^?1 are not recommended until the agro-chemical and -physical functions of the soil are further studied.     

C/C-SiC-ZrB2复合材料表面SiC/ZrB2-SiC/SiC涂层的制备及抗氧化烧蚀性能研究

目的研究C/C-SiC-ZrB_2复合材料表面SiC/ZrB_2-SiC/SiC涂层的制备、抗氧化烧蚀性能与机理。方法选择ZrB_2和SiC改性的C/C复合材料为基体,通过包埋-刷涂法在C/C-SiC-ZrB_2复合材料表面制备了SiC/ZrB_2-SiC/SiC多重抗氧化涂层,并对复合材料的微结构、抗氧化烧蚀性能与机理进行分析和研究。结果制备了一种三层结构的SiC/ZrB_2-SiC/SiC超高温陶瓷复合涂层,获得了风洞考核试验下的复合材料微结构变化、线烧蚀率等试验数据,并得到了C/C-SiC-ZrB_2复合材料的氧化烧蚀机理。结论 SiC/ZrB_2-SiC/SiC涂层对C/C-SiC-ZrB_2复合材料的抗氧化和耐烧蚀性能具有明显提升,有效提高了C/C-SiC-ZrB_2复合材料的综合热防护性能。     

超高温陶瓷改性碳基/陶瓷基复合材料的多尺度构筑与性能研究进展

从复合材料的多尺度结构构筑出发,简述了超高温陶瓷改性碳基、陶瓷基复合材料的制备方法及其优缺点。综述了均质和非均质结构超高温陶瓷改性碳基、陶瓷基复合材料的结构设计、制备工艺、力学性能和烧蚀性能。提出设计开发低成本、短周期新工艺以及与现有工艺的有机结合以制备出更高综合性能要求的复合材料,是未来的主攻方向。从材料结构设计上,指出未来努力的重要方向。     

PM2.5对小鼠和H9C2细胞心肌肥大相关因子mRNA表达的影响

用采自太原市4个不同季节的细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))对小鼠心肌细胞H9C2进行染毒后,采用荧光定量PCR技术检测心肌肥大相关因子ANP和TGF-β的mRNA水平.采用浓度分别为0、1、3、10μg·mL~(-1)的冬季PM_(2.5)处理H9C2细胞后,检测心肌肥大相关因子ANP、β-MHC、MMP2和MMP9的mRNA水平.之后分别选取4周龄、4月龄、10月龄C57BL/6雌性小鼠作为实验模型,采用咽后壁滴注的方法用3 mg·kg~(-1) PM_(2.5)暴露4周.采用苏木素-伊红染色(HE)对小鼠心脏组织病理切片进行观察,并检测ANP和β-MHC的mRNA水平.结果发现,与对照组相比,冬季PM_(2.5)诱导H9C2细胞中ANP和TGF-β的mRNA水平升高最为显著;其中,当冬季PM_(2.5)染毒浓度较高时可诱导ANP、β-MHC、MMP2和MMP9的mRNA水平均显著升高.经PM_(2.5)暴露4周后,幼年和老年小鼠心肌细胞核质比显著降低.老年小鼠心脏组织中ANP和β-MHC的mRNA表达水平显著上升.实验表明,冬季PM_(2.5)诱导心肌肥大标志物表达改变的效应要强于其他季节,且有一定的剂量效应关系,而老年小鼠对PM_(2.5)诱导的心肌肥大效应最为敏感.     

白果壳遗态Fe/C复合材料对水中磷的吸附特征

为研究PBGC-Fe/C-G（白果壳遗态Fe/C复合材料）对水中磷的吸附特征,以PBGC-Fe/C-G为吸附剂,对吸附剂投加量、溶液体系pH、初始磷质量浓度、温度和吸附剂粒径为影响因素进行静态吸附试验分析,并结合SEM、EDS、XRD和FT-IR等手段对吸附前、后材料进行表征,以揭示PBGC-Fe/C-G的吸附除磷机制.结果表明:①当初始磷质量浓度 < 10 mg/L、吸附剂投加量为0.2 g/（50 mL）、溶液为酸性（pH=3）、反应温度为45℃、吸附剂粒径 < 0.149 mm时,吸附效果最佳,吸附量达1.62 mg/g.②准二级动力学模型和Freundlich吸附等温模型能较好地模拟PBGC-Fe/C-G对磷的吸附过程.③热力学结果显示,ΔG < 0、ΔS>0和ΔH>0,说明PBGC-Fe/C-G对磷的吸附过程是自发、熵增的吸热过程.研究显示,PBGC-Fe/C-G吸附除磷主要通过配位作用、静电引力、等电荷离子交换和物理作用4种协同完成,其中Fe活性位与磷酸根离子的配位反应为主要的反应过程.      

IEM-UF同步分离反硝化系统脱氮特性及种群结构分析

针对传统脱氮工艺处理低C/N污水存在的问题,本研究提出IEM-UF同步分离反硝化系统.考察了三阶段各反应器对系统COD去除与脱氮性能影响,同时应用宏全基因组技术分析了各反应器功能微生物种群结构特征.结果表明,系统在电流强度0. 2A时分离器氨氮富集率平均达到116. 1%,最高可达170%;系统进水C/N为2. 80稳定运行时,系统COD及TN平均去除率分别可以达到90%和50%以上. TN去除率最高达到65. 4%.宏全基因组测序表明,在硝化反应器中硝化螺旋菌属(Nitrospira)和亚硝化单胞菌属(Nitrosomonas)所占比例分别为12. 23%和2. 31%;在反硝化反应器中脱氯单胞菌属(Dechloromonas)、陶厄氏菌属(Thauera)和Azospira所占比例分别为4. 57%、1. 76%和1. 03%,远大于其他菌属所占比例,保证了系统中COD、NH_4~+-N、NO_x~--N较高的去除率;同时铁自养反硝化菌的存在提高了系统的反硝化效率.     

内源碳PHA的贮存对混合菌群耐低温特性的影响

本文研究碳源调控磷回收强化生物脱氮除磷（biological bio-nutrient removal-carbon regulation and phosphorus recovery,BBNR-CPR）反应器耐低温特性.不断降低BBNR-CPR反应器运行温度,发现BBNR-CPR反应器能够长期在低温（≤15℃）、低C/N比（<4.16）条件下稳定运行,维持总磷的平均去除率为91.20%,氨氮的平均去除率为81.10%,总氮的平均去除率为58.62%.随着运行时间的增加与温度的下降,BBNR-CPR反应器生物内膜具有脱氮除磷以及PHA贮存功能的种属Candidatus_Competibacter、Candidatus_Accumulibacter、Run-SP 154、Thauera、Candidatus_Nitrotoga的相对丰度不断提高,成为耐受低温条件的优势种属.在相同碳源浓度、合成PHA的时间一致的条件下,生物膜内PHA的合成量受温度影响;25、15和8℃合成的PHA量分别占生物膜干重的16.24%、11.49%和9.01%.预贮存PHA的生物膜具有耐受低温的能力;在高PHA水平,8℃和15℃的除磷效率分别为97.46%和100%,脱氮效率分别为55.15%和82.55%;而在低PHA水平,8℃和15℃的除磷效率分别为11.39%和35.02%,脱氮效率分别为0%和12.10%.