不同C/P下AOA-SBR工艺磷形态转化规律及污泥特性

采用5组厌氧/好氧/缺氧(AOA)模式运行的SBR反应器, 考察不同C/P(120, 40, 24, 17, 13)下AOA-SBR系统磷形态转化规律及污泥特性.结果表明, 5组反应器的COD、TN、NH₄⁺-N去除效果均优于一级A标准.随着C/P的降低, 系统TP去除量逐渐提高.C/P小于24时, TP的去除效果开始变差且波动剧烈, 在C/P为40时系统TP去除效果最稳定, 平均去除率为99.22%.磷形态结果表明, 随着C/P的降低, 污泥中各项磷形态含量均有所升高.IP是TP最主要的磷形态, 不同C/P下IP占TP的含量相近(约96%).随着C/P的降低, NAIP、AP占污泥TP的含量与IP都呈先上升后下降的趋势, 而OP占污泥TP的含量保持下降趋势.生物有效磷(NAIP与OP之和)对污水除磷效果影响最大, C/P为40的系统中污泥中生物有效磷占比最高, 污水TP去除效果最好.污泥MLSS与SVI值随着C/P的降低而增大, C/P较低的系统有发生污泥膨胀的风险.高通量测序表明, 随着C/P的降低, 除Dechloromonas外, PAOs与DPB含量均有所下降, 污水TP去除效果较差且波动较大.     

One-pot molten salt method for constructing CdS/C3N4 nanojunctions with highly enhanced photocatalytic performance for hydrogen evolution reaction

The construction of heterojunction photocatalysts for efficiently utilizing solar energy has attracted considerable attention to solve the energy crisis and reduce environmental pollution. In this study, we use the energy released from an easily-occurred exothermic chemical reaction to serve as the drive force to trigger the formation of Cd S and C₃N₄ nanocomposites which are successfully fabricated with cadmium nitrate and thiourea without addition of any solvents and prot...     

Dissolution kinetics of high explosives particles in a saturated sandy soil

Solid phase high explosive (HE) residues from munitions detonation may be a persistent source of soil and groundwater contamination at military training ranges. Saturated soil column tests were conducted to observe the dissolution behavior of individual components (RDX, HMX, and TNT) from two HE formulations (Comp B and C4). HE particles dissolved readily, with higher velocities yielding higher dissolution rates, higher mass transfer coefficients, and lower effluent concentrations. Effluent concentrations were below solubility limits for all components at superficial velocities of 10-50 cm day(-1). Under continuous flow at 50 cm day(-1), RDX dissolution rates from Comp B and C4 were 34.6 and 97.6 microg h(-1) cm(-2) (based on initial RDX surface area), respectively, significantly lower than previously reported dissolution rates. Cycling between flow and no-flow conditions had a small effect on the dissolution rates and effluent concentrations; however, TNT dissolution from Comp B was enhanced under intermittent-flow conditions. A model that includes advection, dispersion, and film transfer resistance was developed to estimate the steady-state effluent concentrations.     

Is gold a hedge or safe haven against oil price movements?

This paper assesses the role of gold as a hedge or safe haven against oil price movements. We use an approach based on copulas to analyse the dependence structure between these two markets. Empirical evidence for weekly data from January 2000 to September 2011 revealed the following: (a) there is positive and significant average dependence between gold and oil, which would indicate that gold cannot hedge against oil price movements; and (b) there is tail independence between the two markets, indicating that gold can act as an effective safe haven against extreme oil price movements. These results are useful for both portfolio risk managers and designers of policies aimed at using gold to preserve or stabilise oil exporter purchasing power.     

电解强化人工湿地处理低碳氮比污水的效能及机制

针对人工湿地对低碳氮污水处理效果差这一问题,本研究构建了电解强化潮汐流人工湿地系统,通过对比电解强化前后湿地系统脱氮除磷的效果,从微生物群落结构及污染物电化学去除机制等角度揭示电解潮汐流人工湿地强化脱氮脱磷的机制.研究结果表明：电解潮汐流人工湿地对废水中NH₄⁺-N、TN和TP的去除率（分别为88.30%、82.10%和87.74%）均高于未强化的湿地系统.纯电解过程对氨氮的去除没有影响,但是对硝态氮具有还原作用.相比于未强化的湿地系统,电解潮汐流人工湿地阳极附近基质中含有更多的铁氧键、磷氧键、羟基聚合铁等含磷沉淀物,细菌群落结构更为丰富多样,异养反硝化细菌和基于氢气的自养反硝化细菌（Rhodoblastus）丰度都较高,从而实现氮磷的高效同步去除.     

典型湿地环境条件下Shewanella介导N2O产生机制及意义

利用湿地中高丰度的代表性反硝化菌Shewanella denitrificans,文章通过批式实验,探究典型湿地环境条件下pH和C/N对微生物反硝化排放N_2O的影响和机制。结果表明,在典型湿地环境条件下,S. denitrificans介导的反硝化均能排放N_2O温室气体。其中,当C/N为7.5或75时N_2O排放速率最快,比最低排放速率高出约54%。当pH为5.5时,N_2O排放速率较pH为6.5时增加约67%。不同pH和C/N条件下N_2O的排放差异可能主要由p H差异导致,或p H和C/N差异共同所致。双因素方差分析结果表明,pH和C/N不仅分别显著影响N_2O排放,并且两者对N_2O排放具有显著的交互影响。这些发现为湿地生态系统N_2O排放的模型构建和评估预测提供了科学依据。     

低温反硝化菌——施氏假单胞菌N3的筛选及脱氮性能

通过微生物连续富集分离,筛选得到1株低温下具有反硝化能力的细菌N3,鉴定为施氏假单胞菌,并对其脱氮性能进行研究.结果表明,N3在C/N=8,硝酸盐负荷为70 mg·L~(-1)时,能实现硝酸盐的完全去除.此外,N3对低温具有良好的适应性.在C/N=8,4℃条件下,36 h内即可将15 mg·L~(-1)硝酸盐完全去除;反硝化基因nar G和nir S的表达与30℃下的表达量处于同一个数量级,能够高效表达.利用聚乙烯醇(polyvinyl alcohol,PVA)和海藻酸钠(sodium alginate,SA)对N3进行固定化,在10℃下考察固定化N3长期运行的稳定性.结果表明,固定化N3能够在3 d内将15 mg·L~(-1)的硝酸盐完全去除,且连续运行54 d后仍保持良好的稳定性和去除效果.菌株N3具有的高效反硝化脱氮及低温适应性表明其在冬季硝酸盐水体脱氮方面具有良好的应用潜力.     

过磷酸钙和腐烂苹果联合添加对猪粪堆肥过程中碳素转化和腐熟的影响

调控堆肥过程中CO_2的排放,对于保证堆肥进程的有效进行和减少碳素损失具有重要意义.本文以过磷酸钙和腐烂苹果为添加剂,共设置4个处理:不添加添加剂(CK)、过磷酸钙处理(P)、腐烂苹果处理(A)及混合添加处理(1/2过磷酸钙+1/2腐烂苹果,PA),研究在自制堆肥反应箱猪粪堆肥过程中碳素转化特征及其对堆肥腐熟的影响.结果表明,单加过磷酸钙处理进入高温期的时间晚于其他处理3～4 d,而混合添加处理并没有出现高温期推迟的现象.整个堆肥过程中,CK、P、A和PA处理CO_2-C的累积排放量分别占起始碳素的37.0%、33.0%、40.1%和36.7%,碳素损失分别为54.1%、50.3%、59.4%和55.7%.虽然单加过磷酸钙处理降低了堆肥中碳素损失,但却抑制了有机质的降解,增加了电导率值,而混合添加处理促进了有机质的降解,并使腐殖质含量较对照提高了11.8%.此外,单加过磷酸钙处理的种子发芽指数在40 d时才达到80%,而混合添加处理在24 d时已达到80%.综上分析,1/2过磷酸钙+1/2腐烂苹果联合添加是一种可行的畜禽粪便堆肥添加剂使用方法.     

泥河湾盆地于家沟遗址AMS-14C年代学研究及其考古学意义

于家沟遗址作为泥河湾盆地中唯一具有新旧石器工业过渡的典型遗址,为研究东亚旧石器向新石器时代过渡提供了理想的场所。本文通过于家沟遗址剖面沉积物(厚约550 cm)的加速器质谱法(AMS-~(14)C)年代测定,确定了于家沟剖面的年代跨度为16.19?—?2.43 ka BP,其中旧石器向新石器时代的转化时限为9.35 ka BP。该遗址中发现的最早陶器经同层位地层推测,其年代为13.60 ka BP,是目前中国北方发现的最早陶器。陶器的使用可能改善了古人类的生活条件;大量细石器反映出泥河湾盆地中采猎经济高度繁荣。因此,在晚更新世末期气候开始变暖的背景下陶器和细石器的出现一定程度推动了中国北方旧石器时代向新石器时代的转变。