吉林西部不同土地利用方式下的生长季土壤CO2排放通量日变化及影响因素

利用GXH-3051A红外线分析仪,采用动态闭合气室法对吉林西部4种土地利用方式下土壤CO2排放通量日变化进行了定位测量,系统分析了环境因子及土壤理化性质等因素对土壤CO2排放通量日变化的影响。结果表明,水田、旱田、草地和盐碱地土壤CO2排放通量日变化均呈单峰曲线,但排放通量的日均值有较大差异,其中水田和草地排放量较高,分别为1．69μmol·m-2．S-1和1．24μmaol·m-2s-1;旱田和盐碱地较低,为0．50μmol·m-2．S-1和0．63μmol·m-2．S-1。各地类土壤C02排放通量的日均值与其每天上午10：00土壤CO2排放通量值最为接近,即可用该时间测得的土壤CO2排放通量估测日平均值。土地利用方式和大气温度是造成土壤CO2日排放通量差异的主要因素,多年来该区土地利用方式的变化,改变了土壤表层10cm内的土层温度、土壤含水率、有机碳含量、水解氮含量,进而影响土壤呼吸和CO2排放通量;区内水田土壤CO2排放通量与温度的相关性最高（R2=0．8375）,其次为旱田和草地。     

桂林岩溶表层带土壤C02体积分数时空变化规律及其意义

通过20lO-2011年的监测建立了桂林盘龙洞坡地和洼地不同深度土壤C02体积分数的季节性变化。监测土壤C02体积分数空间上变化为：坡地80cm〉50cm〉30cm;洼地80cm〉100cm〉50cm〉30cm。监测土壤C02体积分数时间上变化为2010年7月和2011年6月未C02体积分数达到最高值,2010到2011年冬季为土壤C02达到最低值。由于受到大气降水量急剧减少的影响2011年土壤C02体积分数整体比2010年低。显示大气降水量也是影响土壤C02体积分数的重要环境因素。为我国固碳减排科学的选择时间和空间提供有力的依据。     

粗苯酐与杂醇油综合利用制备增塑剂的研究

在固体酸催化下 ,粗苯酐与杂醇油直接酯化再经减压蒸馏制备邻苯二甲酸C4 ～C5混合酯增塑剂 ,经中试生产表明 ,该工艺技术是可行的 ,苯酐及C4 ～C5醇回收利用率均可达 90 %以上 ,且废水排放量很少。其最佳工艺条件为 :(1)酯化反应　 (C4 ～C5醇 )∶(苯酐 ) =2 6∶1 0 ,催化剂用量为反应物总质量的 1 5 % ,温度 110～ 16 0℃ ,时间 5h ,反应在搅拌下进行 ;(2 )减压蒸馏　蒸馏压力 <2 0kPa。     

中心复合设计射线法考察离子液体C16H31ClN2与乐果的毒性相互作用

离子液体(ILs)是一种用于替代传统易挥发有机溶剂的新型"绿色"溶剂.由于不挥发、不会对大气产生污染而得到广泛应用.但是某些ILs易溶于水,其自身毒性能够对生态环境造成潜在影响,这已引起诸多学者对ILs毒性的研究兴趣.然而ILs与其它污染物的毒性相互作用目前研究很少.论文选取咪唑类离子液体C16H31ClN(2DMI)与有机磷杀虫剂乐果(DIM)作为目标化合物,以青海弧菌Q67为检测生物,采用微板毒性分析法测定了目标化合物及其混合物的毒性.为全面考察不同浓度范围DMI与DIM的毒性相互作用,将中心复合设计与固定浓度比射线法有机结合起来构建5个不同浓度比的混合物射线,通过浓度加和与独立作用模型对混合物射线进行比较评估.结果表明在DMI浓度较大且DIM浓度较低时,DMI与DIM之间存在明显拮抗作用,而在其它浓度范围内两者之间为加和作用.     

杭州典型区域C2-12质量浓度变化及臭氧潜势量分析

利用荷兰Synspec公司的GC955-611/811在线气相色谱系统于2006年9月20日—10月11日对杭州市区5个典型区域的ρ(C2-12)进行了自动连续监测. 结果表明:ρ(C2-12)以次干道最高(为189.0 μg/m3),主干道次之(为165.6 μg/m3),云栖清洁对照区最低(为109.9 μg/m3).下沙经济开发区的C2-12主要来自化工企业的排放,云栖清洁对照区主要来自植被排放,其他区域主要来自机动车排放.各区域芳烃以甲苯、乙苯等苯系物为主,均占芳烃总量的90%左右;烷烃中w(正己烷)最高;烯烃中异丁烯,1,3-丁二烯的含量最高;各组分最大臭氧潜势量在5个典型区域中均以异丁烯、甲苯较大.      

芦芽山土壤有机碳和全氮沿海拔梯度变化规律

研究不同海拔梯度和坡向的土壤碳氮分布,能在较小的空间尺度上反映不同气候状况下土壤碳氮分布规律,揭示多个互相关联的环境因子对土壤碳氮分布规律的综合影响。对山西省北部芦芽山芦芽山沿海拔梯度土壤有机碳和全氮含量的变化规律进行了分析。自海拔1703.1 m至2756.3 m每上升约50 m设置一个样带（共计21块）,每样带内布设30 m＆#215;30 m样地3个,每个样地内“S”形布点,分3层（0~10、10~25、25~40 cm）钻取土样。结果表明,在研究海拔范围内土壤垂直剖面自表层向下有机碳质量分数分别为（35.71±13.32）、（29.18±12.85）和（26.39±12.74） g＆#183; kg-1,全氮质量分数分别为（2.83±0.93）、（2.38±0.84）和（2.12±0.80） g＆#183; kg-1。土壤有机碳和全氮含量的分布特征均表现为随海拔升高而增加的趋势,与海拔呈极显著的线性正相关。土壤有机碳含量与海拔线性模型的回归系数在10~25 cm土层最大,而全氮与海拔线性模型的回归系数随土层深度增加而递减。土壤有机碳含量最高值出现在较高海拔处寒温性针叶林下,而土壤全氮含量最高值出现在最高海拔的亚高山草甸。碳氮含量的剖面分布呈现为表层（0~10 cm）最高,随深度下降而递减。研究区土壤C/N值介于5~19,最小值为海拔最高（2756.3 m）的亚高山草甸,而最大值为较高海拔分布的寒温性针叶林（2332.6 m）,沿海拔梯度表现呈“Λ”型的变化趋势。     

Durable goods and long-run electricity demand: Evidence from air conditioner purchase behavior

I estimate a dynamic structural model of demand for air conditioners, the most energy-intensive home appliance in the US. The model explores the links between demand for durable goods and expected changes in key attributes: energy efficiency and price. I incorporate expectations explicitly as a feature of the choice setting, and use parameter estimates from the model to calculate durable good demand elasticities with respect to energy efficiency, electricity price, and price of the durable itself. These estimates fill a large gap in the literature, and also shed light on consumer behavior in this setting. Results indicate that consumers are forward-looking and value the stream of future savings derived from energy efficiency.     

层次分析-灰色关联分析法评价黄姜皂素生产工艺

运用层次分析-灰色关联分析法评价了6种黄姜皂素生产工艺. 用层次分析法确定了12项指标〔酸耗系数、水耗系数、能耗系数、单位产品废水COD_Cr产生量、废气产生量、固体废物产生量、污染物处理效果、环保成本(年环境代价/产品年产量)、环境系数(年环境代价/年产值)、成本投资、运行费用和资源综合利用收益)〕的权重,其中水耗系数、废水COD_Cr产生量、酸耗系数的权重分别为0.216、0.189、0.167,排在前三位,对评价结果影响较大. 通过专家打分、构造决策矩阵等步骤计算不同工艺指标列与最优指标集数据列的关联度,得到6种生产工艺的综合排序. 微波破壁-甲醇提取法的关联度为0.879,为最优工艺;直接分离法、直接分离-板框压滤法、糖化-膜分离回收-酸水解法的关联度分别为0.874、0.803、0.701,依次位列微波破壁-甲醇提取法之后. 直接酸水解法、自然发酵-酸水解法的关联度分别为0.530、0.410,排在最后,建议淘汰. 评价结果可望为黄姜皂素行业的健康发展、水污染防治等方面提供一定依据.      

Ecotypes diversity in autumn olive (Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb): A single plant with multiple micronutrient genes

Elaeagnus umbellata, a member of the Elaeagnaceae family, is native to Pakistan, China, India, Korea, and Japan. It is found commonly at altitudes ranging from 1200 to 2100 m and thrives on eroded and degraded land due to its ability to fix nitrogen. The plant also grows under variable pH (4–8) and drought, and is used locally as fuel wood, fencing, fodder, basket making, and shelterbelts. The fruit of the plant is well known for its essential nutrients and medicinal compounds such as vitamins, minerals, essential fatty acids, carotenoids (lycopene), soluble solids, and sugars. Medicinally, it is widely believed to protect against myocardial infections, pulmonary infections, and various forms of cancers. Ten ecotypes from variable microclimatic conditions were investigated for their morphological, molecular and biochemical diversity improvement and commercialization purposes. Comparisons and disabilities indicated significant variability in terms of morphological (plant height, number of branches, thorn size and number, leaf area, fruit size, 100 fruit weight, and yield), molecular (SDS-PAGE), and micro- and macronutrient (vitamin C, Fe, mg, P, Na, K, essential oils, and sugar) bases among the ecotypes. This variability will be helpful in developing commercial varieties of the plant utilizing the conventional techniques of selection and hybridization for economic activities. The plant has ample quantities of multiple micronutrients, thus indicating their expression through a powerful promoter at one place (fruit mesocarp). Efforts to identify and isolate the micronutrient genes (vitamin A, C, E, and Fe), the deficiency of which causes malnutrition and disabilities within the population of developing countries. Micronutrient genes have also been initiated for their characterization and future transformation into staple food crops for stable bio-fortification.     

Gas phase equilibria for dibenzo‐p‐dioxin,dibenzo‐p‐furan and biphenyl in the C‐H‐O system

The gas phase equilibrium calculation for the C‐H‐O system at atmospheric pressure and temperature from 773 to 1773 K at intervals of 250 K was performed to understand the generation and decomposition behavior of dibenzo‐p‐dioxin (DD), dibenzo‐p‐furan (DF) and biphenyl (BP) in relation to the existing oxygen potential. It is possible to categorize these results into three regions from the viewpoint of this potential: region (A), region (B) and region (C) are that of the higher, modest and lower oxygen potential, respectively. In region (A), the equilibrium amounts of DD, DF and BP are nearly zero. In region (B), they increase once and then decrease with rise in temperature. In the most characteristic region (C), they increase uniformly with rise in temperature.