生态系统转换区土壤有机质动力学特征的δ^13C方法研究

对土壤有机质的动力学过程的研究是评价区域土壤质量、合理开发利用土壤以及全球碳循环一气候交化研究的基础性工作。系统分析了生态系统转换区土壤有机质动力学特征的δ^13C方法研究的理论基础和应用现状,包括影响土壤有机质δ^13C值的各种内外因素;土壤有机质不同化学组成、不同粒径组分、不同比重组分的δ^13C特征值域;土壤微生...     

基于CPNtools的环评工程分析信息化技术的研究

以东北制药总厂现状环境评价为例,首先抽象出其采用的代数系统,然后构建了与其同构的着色PetriNet模型,并运用CPNtools完成了环境评价学的各种分析和论证,从而为构建C4ISRE奠定了基础。     

Elevated atmospheric CO2 and drought effects on leaf gas exchange properties of barley

Atmospheric CO₂ concentration (C_a) is rising, predicted to cause global warming, and alter precipitation patterns. During 1994, spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Alexis) was grown in a strip-split-plot experimental design to determine the effects that the main plot C_a treatments [A: Ambient at 370 μmol (CO₂) mol⁻¹; E: Enriched with free-air CO₂ enrichment (FACE) at ∼550 μmol (CO₂) mol⁻¹] had on several gas exchange properties of fully expanded sunlit primary leaves. The interacting strip-split-plot irrigation treatments were Dry or Wet [50% (D) or 100% (W) replacement of potential evapotranspiration] at ample nitrogen (261 kg N ha⁻¹) and phosphorous (29 kg P ha⁻¹) fertility. Elevated C_a facilitated drought avoidance by reducing stomatal conductance (g_s) by 34% that conserved water and enabled stomata to remain open for a longer period into a drought. This resulted in a 28% reduction in drought-induced midafternoon depression in net assimilation rate (A). Elevated C_a increased A by 37% under Dry and 23% under Wet. Any reduction in A under Wet conditions occurred because of nonstomatal limitations, whereas under Dry it occurred because of stomatal limitations. Elevated C_a increased the diurnal integral of A (A′) that resulted in an increase in the seasonal-long integral of A′ (A″) for barley leaves by 12% (P = 0.14) under both Dry and Wet - 650, 730, 905 and 1020 ± 65 g (C) m⁻² y⁻¹ for AD, ED, AW and EW treatments, respectively. Elevated C_a increased season-long average dry weight (DW_S; crown, shoots) by 14% (P = 0.02), whereas deficit irrigation reduced DW_S by 7% (P = 0.06), although these values may have been affected by a short but severe pea aphid [Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris)] infestation. Hence, an elevated-C_a-based improvement in gas exchange properties enhanced growth of a barley crop.     

A2O工艺和A2O+BCO工艺的脱氮除磷性能比较

以实际低C/N生活污水为研究对象,依次分别采用A²O工艺和A²O+BCO（生物接触氧化）工艺考察系统的脱氮除磷性能.试验在进水负荷和运行参数基本维持不变的情况下运行134d.结果表明,相对于A²O系统,A²O+BCO系统由于采用双污泥工艺,硝化菌和聚磷菌（PAOs）污泥龄分离,同时反硝化除磷"一碳两用",碳源利用率更高,TN和TP去除率分别提高了18%和28%.其次FISH试验表明,在稳定运行的A²O+BCO工艺中,PAOs比例为22%,远远超过A²O中7%的比例,从微生物角度证明了脱氮除磷效果好的原因.     

溶剂调控Pd/C催化多氯联苯高效加氢脱氯

采用沉积沉淀法制备了5% Pd/C催化剂,研究了溶剂体系对其催化4-氯联苯（4-CBP）加氢脱氯的影响,建立了正丁醇-水两相溶剂体系,实现了高浓度电容器油（主要为多氯联苯（PCBs））的高效加氢脱氯降解.结果表明,相对比非质子溶剂,醇类等质子溶剂对加氢脱氯反应更加有利.水的加入对异丙醇-水均相溶剂和有机-水两相溶剂中Pd/C催化4-CBP加氢脱氯均有明显的促进作用,而且在正丁醇-水（1：3,V/V）两相溶剂体系中可以在90min内实现4-CBP加氢脱氯的完全转化,而且催化剂可以重复使用8次以上.在该溶剂体系中,10g/L的含PCBs电容器油在Pd/C催化下可以在360min内完全加氢脱氯生成联苯.     

Elevated CO2 facilitates C and N accumulation in a rice paddy ecosystem

Elevated CO₂ can stimulate wetland carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) exports through gaseous and dissolved pathways, however, the consequent influences on the C and N pools are still not fully known. Therefore, we set up a free-air CO₂ enrichment experiment in a paddy field in Eastern China. After five year fumigation, we studied C and N in the plant–water–soil system. The results showed: (1) elevated CO₂ stimulated rice aboveground biomass and N accumulations by 19.1% and 12.5%, respectively. (2) Elevated CO₂ significantly increased paddy soil TOC and TN contents by 12.5% and 15.5%, respectively in the 0–15 cm layer, and 22.7% and 26.0% in the 15–30 cm soil layer. (3) Averaged across the rice growing period, elevated CO₂ greatly increased TOC and TN contents in the surface water by 7.6% and 11.4%, respectively. (4) The TOC/TN ratio and natural δ¹⁵N value in the surface soil showed a decreasing trend under elevated CO₂. The above results indicate that elevated CO₂ can benefit C and N accumulation in paddy fields. Given the similarity between the paddies and natural wetlands, our results also suggest a great potential for long-term C and N accumulation in natural wetlands under future climate patterns.     

Comparative effects of different maize straw returning modes on soil humus composition and humic acid structural characteristics in Northeast China

In order to evaluate the effects of different maize straw returning modes on humus composition and humic acid (HA) structural, a field experiment was designed to have five treatments, i.e. Treatment CK (no straw returned), Treatment EIS (straw incorporated evenly into the soil using the crashing-ridging technique), Treatment SP (straw plowed into the soil), Treatment SM (straw returned as mulch) and Treatment SG (straw returned as pellets). Our results showed that Treatment EIS significantly increased the content of soil organic carbon (SOC), soil humus substances (HEC), soil humic acid carbon (HAC) and fulvic acid carbon (FAC) by 27.8%, 47.6%, 63.3% and 33.8%, respectively, as compared with CK. Among all the straw returning treatments, Treatment EIS was the most significant in effect of increasing the content of HEC, HAC and FAC. Moreover, Treatment EIS altered the composition of humus more significantly than all the other treatments, by increasing the proportion of alkyl C and the ratio of aliphatic C/aromatic C. These results suggest that straw returning accelerated the accumulation of soil organic C and various components of humus, significantly improved the structure of soil HA, with the practice of EIS in particular.     

部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化协同反硝化处理生活污水脱氮除碳

采用SBR-ASBR组合工艺处理实际生活污水,SBR中考察缺氧/好氧时间比及温度对部分亚硝化（partial nitritation,PN）的作用,ASBR中研究COD/NO₂^--N（C/N）对厌氧氨氧化（anaerobic ammonium oxidation,ANAMMOX）协同反硝化脱氮除碳的影响.①控制温度为25℃,在缺氧/好氧时间比为30 min：30 min,单周期交替3次时,NO₂^--N积累率（NiAR）于第22 d为98.06%,比亚硝态氮产生速率（SNiPR,以N/VSS计）为0.28g·（g·d）^-1,同步硝化反硝化去除的TN和COD分别为12.29 mg·L^-1和110.36mg·L^-1.②在缺氧/好氧时间比为30 min：30 min下,温度为15℃时,丝状菌大量繁殖,污泥活性和沉降性变差;温度为30℃时,NH₄⁺-N转化为NO₂^--N比例为86.83%,造成出水NH₄⁺-N浓度过低,不能为厌氧氨氧化提供合适基质浓度;温度为25℃时,出水NH₄⁺-N和NO₂^--N浓度分别为31.58 mg·L^-1和35.04mg·L^-1,匹配厌氧氨氧化基质比.③组合工艺脱氮性能良好,出水TN、NH₄⁺-N和COD浓度分别稳定在13.13、4.83和69.96mg·L^-1,去除率分别为83.10%、93.64%和75.11%.调节ASBR进水C/N为2.5、2.0和1.5时,C/N为2.0时厌氧氨氧化协同反硝化脱氮除碳性能最佳,出水NH₄⁺-N、NO₂^--N、NO₃^--N和COD分别为0.09、0.25、1.04和32.73mg·L^-1.     

甲磺隆在土壤腐殖物质中结合残留的动态变化

土壤中14 C 甲磺隆的可提取态残留物随时间延长不断降低 ,而其结合态残留率第 2 8天达最高 .14 C 甲磺隆结合态残留物在土壤腐殖物质中的分布是 :富啡酸 胡敏素 >胡敏酸 .在处理最初 2 8天 ,富啡酸中14 C 甲磺隆结合态残留物不断增大 ,随后减少 ;胡敏素中的结合态残留量在 2 8— 2 2 4天变化不大 .14 C残留物在不同土壤之间的结合及其分布都是有差异的 ,与土壤pH值、粘粒矿物类型等都有密切关系     

某超临界汽轮机主汽阀杆断裂原因分析

目的 某热电厂超临界机组汽轮机发生主蒸汽阀阀杆(标称材质为22Cr12NiMoWV(C422)钢)断裂事故,对发电安全造成不良影响.为此,分析该阀杆断裂失效的原因,提出改进措施,以避免类似事故的发生.方法 从外观检查、成分测定、金相检验以及断口观察等方面入手,结合硬度和冲击性能测试,探讨阀杆断裂的主要原因.结果 该断裂...