Impact of cadmium and nickel on ion homeostasis in the yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe

Abstract

Toxicity of heavy metals to living organisms is a worldwide research topic. Although, much has been discovered about cadmium and nickel impact on biological systems, a lot still remains unclear. We used inductively coupled plasma – optical emission spectroscopy to address the question of the effect of two different heavy metals nickel, and cadmium on intracellular ion balance. Increase or decrease of the content of several essential cations including Ca²⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, Cu²⁺, Fe³⁺ in the yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe was determined. Our results revealed that the cell exposure to high nickel and cadmium concentrations led to significant elevation of Ca²⁺, Na⁺, Mg²⁺, Cu²⁺, Fe³⁺ levels in the yeast cell, while the content of K⁺ decreased. Correlation analyses showing in the presence of nickel and cadmium strong positive correlation among each tested element (Ca²⁺, Na⁺, Cu²⁺, Mg²⁺ and Fe³⁺) except for K⁺, demonstrate the significant impact of heavy metal treatment to ion homeostasis of the cell. Our data indicate that acute nickel and cadmium contamination leads to substantial ionome misbalance in yeast.     

不同功能区空气负离子的监测分析

监测了西宁地区不同功能区空气负离子状况，以公园游览区空气负离子浓度最高，平均３５８个／ｃｍ＾３；工业区最低，平均浓度２５９个／ｃｍ＾３。各功能区空气负离子浓度明显不同，Ｐ〈０．０１。用空气负离子浓度、空气离子单级系数和安培空气质量评价指数评价各功能区空气质量，从好到差依次为：公园游览区、生活居住区、商业交通繁忙区、工业区。３种评价指标结果相同，符合一般规律。     

A new approach for modelling potential effects in cation adsorption onto binary (hydr) oxides

The current approach for modelling ion adsorption onto binary (hydr)oxides using homogeneous surface complexation models involves the assumption of either an ideal mixture of the two surfaces (i.e. two surface sites on one surface) or a patchwise surface (i.e. two surfaces with one surface site on each surface). As the physical truth should be between these two limiting cases, a model which assumes a patchwise surface constituted of three patches is proposed. Two patches represent the distinct (hydr)oxides, and the third one a mixture of these distinct (hydr)oxides. Using the diffuse layer model, the three approaches are applied to literature data for Cd adsorption onto binary mixtures of alumina-coated silica at total constant Cd concentration and varying amounts of alumina coatings. For Cd adsorption onto these binary (hydr)oxide systems, the new approach explains the observed potential effects. The proposed model, which contains two additional adjustable parameters in terms of site concentrations or one adjustable parameter in terms of specific surface area, is more successful than the two limiting cases. The new model is then validated by predicting Ca and Zn behaviour on the same binary (hydr)oxide system.     

Transport modeling of copper and cadmium with linear and nonlinear retardation factors

The predictive accuracy of using the one-dimensional advection–dispersion equation to evaluate the fate and transport of solute in a soil column is usually dependent on the proper determination of chemical retardation factors. Typically, the distribution coefficient (K_d) obtained by fitting the linear sorption isotherm has been extensively used to consider general geochemical reactions on solute transport in a low-concentration range. However, the linear distribution coefficient cannot be adequately utilized to describe the solute fate at a higher concentration level. This study employed the nonlinear equilibrium-controlled sorption parameters to determine the retardation factor used in column leaching experiments. Copper and cadmium transportation in a lateritic silty-clay soil column was examined. Through the explicit finite-difference calculations with a third-order total-variation-diminishing (TVD) numerical solution scheme, all results of the theoretical copper and cadmium breakthrough curves (BTCs) simulated by using the Freundlich nonlinear retardation factors revealed good agreement with the experimental observations.     

关中典型城市及农村夏季PM2.5的化学组成对比

于2016年7~8月采集了陕西省西安市（城市）及蔺村（农村）夏季昼夜PM_2.5样品,分析其有机碳（OC）、元素碳（EC）和无机离子等化学组分的含量,探讨关中平原城市和农村地区PM_2.5的化学组成和来源的差异.结果表明,采样期间西安和蔺村的PM_2.5浓度分别为（49.7±22.8）和（62.6±14.2）μg/m³.西安PM_2.5中OC和EC的浓度[（6.5±2.5）μg/m³,（3.2±1.8）μg/m³]与蔺村[（6.8±1.8）μg/m³,（3.8±2.3）μg/m³]相当.西安OC/EC比值白天（2.6）高于夜晚（1.9）,蔺村反之（白天：1.6;夜晚：2.7）,主要是因为夜间城市地区重型卡车运输活动增强导致排放更多EC,而夜间农村地区人为活动较少导致EC排放显著降低.西安和蔺村无机离子总浓度分别为（20.2±14.6）和（30.1±10.5）μg/m³,占PM_2.5浓度的40.6%和47.6%.蔺村SO₄^2-的平均浓度高达19.0μg/m³,占PM_2.5浓度的30%以上,远高于西安（9.4μg/m³和18.9%）,主要与农村固体燃料（煤和生物质）使用有关.西安NO₃^-和Ca²⁺的浓度及其对PM_2.5的贡献、NO₃^-/SO₄^2-比值均明显大于蔺村,表明城市地区受机动车尾气和扬尘的影响更大.西安K⁺与Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺的相关性较强,而蔺村K⁺与EC的相关性显著强于西安,说明西安市区K⁺由粉尘源主导,而农村地区则主要来自生物质燃烧.     

沈阳市PM2.5离子成分对呼吸疾病门诊数影响研究

采用时间序列的半参数广义相加模型,在控制了长期趋势、"星期几效应"和气象因素等混杂因素的基础上,分析沈阳市大气污染物及PM_2.5中水溶性离子对呼吸系统疾病门诊就诊人数的影响,并按性别和年龄分层建模.结果表明：PM_2.5及其各离子成分与呼吸系统疾病门诊人数之间存在关联,并有明显的滞后效应.受冬季供暖燃煤排放影响,PM_2.5、NO₃^-和NH₄⁺呈显著关联,在滞后累积2d后风险最大.最佳滞后时间下,PM_2.5的浓度每增加10µg/m³,对应呼吸系统疾病日门诊就诊人数增加百分比（ER）为1.31%（95% CI：1.2%~1.43%）;离子成分SO₄^2-、NO₃^-、NH₄⁺、Cl^-、K⁺、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺和Na⁺的浓度每增加1个4分位间距（IQR）,对应的呼吸系统疾病日门诊就诊人数增加百分比（ER）分别为3.22%（95% CI：2.81%~3.62%）、4.67%（95% CI：4.13%~5.22%）、5.41%（95% CI：4.49%~6.33%）、7.38%（95% CI：3.91%~10.96%）、0.14%（95% CI：-6.34%~7.07%）、7.64%（95% CI：-11.87%~31.47%）、3.57%（95% CI：-2.83%~10.39%）和0.46%（95% CI：-16.64%~21.06%）.PM_2.5、Cl^-、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺和Na⁺对女性呼吸疾病门诊人数的影响比对男性的影响大.PM_2.5、SO₄^2-、Cl^-、Ca²⁺和Na⁺对≥65岁的老人门诊人数的影响比对15~65岁劳动年龄人群的影响大.表明不同性别、不同年龄由于生理结构和环境因素的不同而引起的差异不同.     

异养硝化-好氧反硝化混合菌对尿素的去除及重金属和盐度的影响

为探究异养硝化-好氧反硝化混合菌对尿素的去除效果,本文考察了混合菌(DM01+YH01+YH02)对尿素的去除特性,以及重金属和盐度对其去除率的影响.结果表明,当废水中尿素质量浓度为200.0 mg·L~(-1),碳源为柠檬酸三钠、 C/N为10、温度为30℃、 pH为7和转速为130 r·min~(-1)时,尿素在24 h可以得到高效降解,去除率为91.8%;重金属离子(Ni~(2+)、Cd~(2+)、Cu~(2+)和Zn~(2+))会降低混合菌对尿素的去除效果,影响能力的大小顺序为Cd~(2+)Cu~(2+)Ni~(2+)Zn~(2+),然而, Fe~(2+)(20.0 mg·L~(-1))会增强混合菌对尿素的去除效果;盐度(10.0 mg·L~(-1))会抑制混合菌株对于尿素的去除.     

遵义市PM2.5中水溶性离子的污染特征及来源解析

为探究遵义市PM_2.5中水溶性离子的污染特征及来源,于2018年6月~2019年5月采集了遵义市两个采样点共120个PM_2.5样品,并利用离子色谱法对样品中8种水溶性离子进行了分析。结果表明：采样期间,遵义市PM_2.5平均值为47.6±19.3 μg/m³,呈现冬春高、夏秋低的季节变化特征;8种水溶性离子平均质量浓度顺序为SO₄^2- > NO₃^- > NH₄⁺ > Ca²⁺ > K⁺ > Cl^- > Na⁺ > Mg²⁺,平均值为13.74 μg/m³,水溶性离子质量浓度的季节变化与PM_2.5变化趋势相似;SO₄^2-、NO₃^-、NH₄⁺（SNA）是PM_2.5中主要水溶性离子,占比为83.8%,说明遵义市大气PM_2.5二次污染较严重;相关性分析表明,PM_2.5中NH₄⁺主要以（NH₄）₂SO₄、NH₄HSO₄的形式存在,部分以NH₄NO₃的形式存在;[NO₃^-]/[SO₄^2-]小于1,表明固定源为主要污染源;主成分分析结果表明,PM_2.5中水溶性离子主要来源于燃煤、交通混合源、土壤、建筑扬尘及农业源。     

Co(Ⅱ)活化过氧乙酸降解有机染料研究

采用Co(Ⅱ)活化过氧乙酸(PAA)降解有机染料,主要评估了Co(Ⅱ)/PAA体系的氧化性能并考察不同因素对酸性橙(AO7)脱色的影响.结果表明:Co(Ⅱ)/PAA体系能有效脱色有机染料,其氧化能力与Co(Ⅱ)/PMS体系相当并优于Fenton体系. AO7的脱色效果随PAA和Co(Ⅱ)浓度的升高而升高,其中,[Co(Ⅱ)]_0为0.01 mmol·L~(-1)、[PAA]_0/[AO7]_0为4/1时,反应60 min可使92%的AO7脱色.弱酸或中性的环境有利于AO7的脱色,存在Cl-和HA时不利于AO7的脱色.采用抑制剂抗坏血酸、叔丁醇、甲醇等实验方法,推测Co(Ⅱ)/PAA体系中产生的CH_3COO·和CH_3COOO·是对AO7起主要降解作用的自由基.紫外可见光谱分析表明,该自由基主要攻击AO7分子中的偶氮键及萘环结构,从而达到AO7脱色效果.     

水中Cu~(2+)、Ni~(2+)与腐殖酸、膨润土的相互作用研究

研究了Cu2+、Ni2+与腐殖酸以及膨润土与腐殖酸的共存吸附剂的相互作用,考察了相互作用时间、初始pH、温度对相互作用的影响.结果表明,金属离子的去除率随时间增加而增大,吸附量随温度升高而增大.初始pH对Cu2+、Ni2+的去除率影响很大,pH在中性范围附近Cu2+、Ni2+的去除率可以达到最大.吸附动力学实验表明,Cu2+、Ni2+在腐殖酸及共存吸附剂上的吸附符合伪二级吸附速率模型,并得到Cu2+在腐殖酸及共存吸附剂上吸附的活化能Ea分别为17.01和38.49 kJ.mol-1,Ni2+在腐殖酸及共存吸附剂上吸附的活化能Ea分别为15.15和13.35 kJ.mol-1,表明吸附过程以物理吸附为主.Cu2+、Ni2+在腐殖酸及共存吸附剂上的吸附符合Langmuir等温线模型.得到的ΔH0、ΔS0和ΔG0表明金属离子在腐殖酸及共存吸附剂上的吸附是一个吸热、熵增、自发的过程.