2015年1月下旬北京市大气污染过程成因分析

采用地面观测和数值模拟相结合的方式,对2015年1月下旬北京市两次PM_2.5污染过程进行分析。研究表明,在第1次过程中PM_2.5浓度经过3个抬升阶段达到峰值,过程前期区域传输的作用明显,随后区域传输和本地污染积累、化学反应共同加重了污染的程度;3个浓度抬升阶段中均出现过PM_2.5浓度“跃升式”增长,且污染水平越重,浓度跃升的幅度越大。第2次过程是一次典型的静风、高湿度下的PM_2.5持续性增长过程,主要是本地污染物积累和发生化学反应二次生成导致的。大气氧化性分析和SOR、NOR分析均验证了对两次污染过程特征和成因的推断。数值模拟结果表明,第1次污染过程中区域传输对不同站点PM_2.5的贡献率在15.2%~68.7%之间;第2次过程区域传输的贡献率在12.8%~46.3%之间。     

Removal of ammonium ion from water by Na-rich birnessite: Performance and mechanisms

Na-rich birnessite (NRB) was synthesized by a simple synthesis method and used as a high-efficiency adsorbent for the removal of ammonium ion (NH₄⁺) from aqueous solution. In order to demonstrate the adsorption performance of the synthesized material, the effects of contact time, pH, initial ammonium ion concentration, and temperature were investigated. Adsorption kinetics showed that the adsorption behavior followed the pseudo second-order kinetic model. The equilibrium adsorption data were fitted to Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models and the model parameters were evaluated. The monolayer adsorption capacity of the adsorbent, as obtained from the Langmuir isotherm, was 22.61 mg NH₄⁺-N/g at 283 K. Thermodynamic analyses showed that the adsorption was spontaneous and that it was also a physisorption process. Our data revealed that the higher NH₄⁺ adsorption capacity could be primarily attributed to the water absorption process and electrostatic interaction. Particularly, the high surface hydroxyl-content of NRB enables strong interactions with ammonium ion. The results obtained in this study illustrate that the NRB is expected to be an effective and economically viable adsorbent for ammonium ion removal from aqueous system.     

功能化凹凸棒吸附材料的制备及其对重金属废水中Pb2+的吸附行为

重金属离子废水会对人体健康和环境造成严重威胁,吸附法是去除重金属废水中重金属离子的重要方法.对凹凸棒土(ATP)接枝磁性Fe₃O₄纳米粒子,再使用3-氨基丙基三乙氧基硅烷(APTES)进行改性,制备了具有良好吸附性能的凹凸棒复合纳米材料吸附剂(ATP-Fe₃O₄-APTES),并将其用于重金属离子废水的处理.利用FT-IR、 XRD、 SEM及TEM、 BET吸脱附法、 Zeta电位和VSM分析等方法对材料的结构和表面性质进行了分析表征.研究了所制备材料对重金属离子Pb²⁺的吸附行为,考察了溶液pH、吸附时间、吸附温度和Pb²⁺初始浓度等因素对材料吸附性能的影响作用,探讨了吸附过程的吸附动力学、吸附等温线和吸附热力学行为.结果表明,材料对Pb²⁺的最大吸附容量为129.32 mg·g^-1.吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型和Langmuir吸附等温式,表明材料对Pb²⁺的吸附是单分子层化学吸附;吸...     

铁和铝离子对土壤水溶性氟化物检测的干扰研究

通过离子选择电极法测定Fe3+和Al3+不同含量的土壤样品中水溶性氟化物试验,研究Fe3+和Al3+对测定的干扰与消除方法,证实了在总离子强度调节缓冲溶液共存下,Fe3+和Al3+对土壤提取液中水溶性氟化物检测结果存在不同程度的负干扰。选择6种代表性土壤样品,在水溶性氟化物提取液中加入20 mg/L的Al3+和100 mg/L的Fe3+做干扰试验,比较了分取不同体积土壤提取液对氟化物检测结果的影响,结果表明,对水溶性ρ(Fe3+)和ρ(Al3+)高的土壤样品,可选择减少提取液取样体积来消除干扰。选取的5种标准样品测试结果与标准值相符,干扰消除方法具有良好的适用性。     

成都平原大气颗粒物中无机水溶性离子污染特征

为探讨成都平原大气颗粒物中水溶性离子的污染特征,识别水溶性离子的组成、分布和时空变化,有针对性地控制重污染和灰霾天气,于2013年8月~2014年7月,在成都平原的5个监测点位共采集1 476个颗粒物样品,应用离子色谱法对PM10和PM_(2.5)中8种无机水溶性离子(SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-、NH_4~+、K~+、Na~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、Cl~-)进行测量.结果表明在观测期间,PM_(2.5~10)和PM_(2.5)中无机水溶性离子总量分别为11.35μg·m-3和36.93μg·m-3,分别占ρ(PM_(2.5)~10)和ρ(PM_(2.5))的37.8%和46.6%;其中二次离子(SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-和NH~+4,SNA)约占各自水溶性离子总量的81.1%和89.9%.水溶性离子质量浓度冬季最高,春秋季相当,夏季最低.ρ(SO2-4)/ρ(PM_(2.5))夏秋季较高,而ρ(NO_3~-)/ρ(PM_(2.5))冬季最高,夏季最低.SNA、Cl~-、K~+大多分布在PM_(2.5)中,Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)主要分布在PM_(2.5~10)中.PM_(2.5)基本呈中性,水溶性离子主要以(NH_4)_2SO_4、NH_4NO_3、KNO_3、NaCl、KCl等形式存在.ρ(NO_3~-)/ρ(SO_4~(2-))揭示固定源依然是PM_(2.5)的主要来源.硫氧化速率(SOR)和氮氧化速率(NOR)年均值分别为0.31和0.13,SOR夏季最高,NOR冬季最高,二者变化趋势相反.成都平原PM_(2.5)呈区域性复合污染特征,SNA是造成ρ(PM_(2.5))增加的主导因素.     

单柱离子色谱法同时测定地面水中阴离子

单柱离子色谱法同时测定地面水中Ｆ－、Ｃｌ－、ＮＯ－２－Ｎ、ＮＯ－３－Ｎ、ＳＯ２－４阴离子。以２．５ｍＭ苯二甲酸、２．４ｍＭ三羟甲胺缓冲液为淋洗液,在ｐＨ＝４．０,流速为１．５ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ的条件下,测得各阴离子检出限、线性回归方程及相关系数、方法的精密度和准确度。     

Activated carbon supported TiO2-photocatalysis doped with Fe ions for continuous treatment of dye wastewater in a dynamic reactor

Fe-doped TiO2 coated on activated carbon (Fe-TiO2/AC, FTA) composites were prepared by an improved sol-gel method and characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray di ractometry, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and BET surface area analysis. Obtained FTA composites were applied to the continuous treatment of dye wastewater in a dynamic reactor. The e ects of Fe ion content, catalyst content, UV-lamp power and flowrate of the continuous treatment of dye wastewater on degradation e ciency were analyzed to determine the optimum operating conditions of dye wastewater degradation. Continuous photocatalytic experiments provided interesting results that FTA had a high chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal rate compared with TiO2, Fe doped TiO2 (FT) and TiO2 coated on activated carbon (TA). In particular, when using the FTA catalyst with a Fe ion content of 0.33%, the kinetic content (k = 0.0376) of COD removal was more than the sum of both TA (0.0205) and 0.33% FT (0.0166). FTA showed a high photoactivity because of a synergistic e ect between Fe ions and AC on TiO2, which is higher than the individual e ects of AC or Fe ions on TiO2. Additionally, for the photocatalytic degradation of dye wastewater, the optimum Fe ion content, catalyst content, UV-lamp power and flowrate were 0.33%, 6 g/L, 60 W (two lamps) and 300 mL/hr, respectively. An investigation of catalyst reuse revealed that the 0.33% FTA showed almost no deactivation in photocatalytic degradation of naturally treated wastewater.     

催化裂化钠碱脱硫液中钙镁离子的去除

研究了化学沉淀法和氨基膦酸型螯合树脂吸附法对催化裂化钠碱脱硫液中Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)的去除效果。实验结果表明:NaOH沉淀法可有效去除钠碱脱硫液中的Mg~(2+),当溶液pH为12、反应时间为15 min时,Mg~(2+)去除率达91.6%;NaOH-Na_2CO_3联合沉淀法无法去除钠碱脱硫液中的Ca~(2+);经过NaOH溶液有效除Mg~(2+)后的脱硫液再采用氨基膦酸型螯合树脂吸附柱去除其中的Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+),可使出水硬度小于2 mg/L。提高进水pH、降低进水流量、降低进水硬度均可提高单位体积树脂的处理水量。     

Evaluation of carbon-based nanosorbents synthesised by ethylene decomposition on stainless steel substrates as potential sequestrating materials for nickel ions in aqueous solution

The present work covers the preparation of carbon-based nanosorbents by ethylene decomposition on stainless steel mesh without the use of external catalyst for the treatment of water containing nickel ions (Ni²⁺). The reaction temperature was varied from 650 to 850℃, while reaction time and ethylene to nitrogen flow ratio were maintained at 30 min and 1:1 cm³/min, respectively. Results show that nanosorbents synthesised at a reaction temperature of 650℃ had the smallest average diameter (75 nm), largest BET surface area (68.95 m²/g) and least amount of impurity (0.98 wt.% Fe). A series of batch sorption tests were performed to evaluate the effects of initial pH, initial metal concentration and contact time on Ni²⁺ removal by the nanosorbents. The equilibrium data fitted well to Freundlich isotherm. The kinetic data were best correlated to a pseudo second-order model indicating that the process was of chemisorption type. Further analysis by the Boyd kinetic model revealed that boundary layer diffusion was the controlling step. This primary study suggests that the prepared material with Freundlich constants compared well with those in the literature, is a promising sorbent for the sequestration of Ni²⁺ in aqueous solutions.     

南京北郊冬季大气PM_(10)水溶性无机离子粒径谱分布特征研究

于2009年11月26日至12月20日在南京北郊昼夜分粒径采集大气PM10样品,运用离子色谱法分析其水溶性无机离子的浓度及谱分布特征,讨论无机离子与大气污染物之间的关系,研究其来源特征。结果表明:PM2.1日均值为0.3921 mg/m3,超过EPA大气质量标准(0.065 mg/m3)5倍,PM10日均值为1.0103 mg/m3,为国家大气PM10三级标准(0.25 mg/m3)3.04倍,PM2.1占PM10约40%,说明冬季南京北郊颗粒物污染较严重,且以细粒子为主;PM10和PM2.1中的主要无机离子均为SO42-、Ca2+、Cl-,浓度大小为SO42->Ca2+>Cl-,且均表现为白天浓度高于夜晚;粒径谱分布为Ca2+、Cl-、SO42-均呈双峰,Ca2+主要存在于粗粒子中,SO42-、Cl-主要分布在积聚模;相关性分析表明,SO42-与NO3和Cl-显著性相关,系数分别为0.7910、0.9123,其可能存在同源性;由NO3-/SO42-的特征比值,白天和夜晚分别为0.0582和0.0484,均远小于1,说明南京北郊大气污染以固定源为主。