Fast and Living Ring-Opening Polymerization of l-Lactide Initiated with In-situ–Generated Calcium Alkoxides

The ring-opening polymerization of l-lactide with calcium alkoxides generated in-situ from bis(tetrahydrofuran)calcium bis[bis(trimethylsilyl)amide] and 2-propanol are presented. The polymerization in THF at room temperature proceeds rapidly and in a living manner, giving poly(l-lactide)s of controlled molecular weight, low polydispersity, and tailored end-functionalities. Kinetic studies show the absence of an induction period and a pseudo-first order rate constant of 6.41 L mol^–1 min^–1, which is significantly higher than for related Y₅(-O)(O ⁱ Pr)_13– or aluminum alkoxide-initiated polymerizations. The initiation involves a two-step process: (1) alcoholysis of bis(tetrahydrofuran)calcium bis[bis(trimethylsilyl)amide] to give the corresponding calcium alkoxide and (2) ring-opening of l-lactide via acyl-oxygen cleavage and insertion into the calcium-alkoxide bond. In the presence of excess alcohol, fast and reversible exchange between free alcohol molecules and coordinated alkoxide ligands takes place. This allows tuning of the poly(l-lactide) molecular weight over a wide range.     

用含锰废水生产高纯碳酸锰

介绍了用含锰废水生产高纯碳酸锰的原理和工艺条件,生产出的高纯碳酸锰产品质量可以达到了ＧＢ１０５０３－８９Ⅱ型一等品标准,此法具有较好的经济效益和环境效益。     

探索磷酸氢钙清洁回收工艺综合治理明胶生产废水污染

为了改善明胶生产废水高碱，高钙和高悬浮有机物污染，探索了磷酸氢钙清洁回收工艺，首先沉淀除去浸灰废液中的石灰，得浸灰清液。将浸酸废液加入浸灰清液中，调节pH至4．7－11．5，沉淀，过滤，称量，测定滤渣的红外光谱图和滤液各项污染指标。实验结果，pH为6．5－7时，磷酸氢钙收率最高，滤液各项污染指标最低，对磷酸氢钙的生产质量无妨且基本上能消耗明胶生产废水的所有碱度，所得滤渣为不含结晶的磷酸氢钙，收率与原工艺相当，所排废液pH中性，COD387mg/l,NH^ 4-P25mg/l,Ca^2 746mg/l，不再是饱和氢氧化钙溶液，不再具有高碱，高钙和高悬浮有机物特性，为后续的生物处理铺平了道路。     

高负荷厌氧生物反应器的三元酸碱缓冲体系特征与调控

高负荷是升流式(Up-flow Anaerobic Sludge Bed, UASB)、内循环厌氧反应器(internal circulation, IC)和厌氧膜生物反应器(anaerobic membrane bioreactor, AnMBR)等厌氧生物反应器发展的趋势,也是实现"沼气升级(biogas upgrading)"的难点.挥发性有机酸(volatile fatty acids, VFAs)和溶解性无机碳(total inorganic carbon, TIC)既是厌氧消化必经的中间产物,又与氨氮等弱碱共同影响高负荷厌氧消化过程的pH变化,并决定着沼气中的甲烷含量.VFAs、TIC和氨氮构成的三元pH酸碱缓冲体系是高负荷厌氧消化"沼气升级"的关键操作条件.本文总结了高负荷厌氧消化过程中pH变化规律和影响,针对不同VFAs/氨氮关系的形成机制,分析了高负荷厌氧消化碳酸盐缓冲体系特征及其对沼气CH_4/CO_2构成的影响.以厌氧膜生物反应器为例,讨论了近年来基于pH在线监测和调控方法、理论模型方面的研究进展,同时对未来的重点研究方向提出展望,以期为今后的高负荷AnMBR研发提供参考.     

Primary sludge stabilisation with calcium hydroxide

We studied the effect of the addition of calcium hydroxide to primary raw sludges. Calcium hydroxide enhances ammonia release as well as proteins and fats hydrolysis from the sludge organic material during stabilisation process. Changes in the molecular composition of the sludge extractable lipids caused by calcium hydroxide suspension, analysed using gas chromatography interfaced to mass spectrometry detector, are discussed. Calcium hydroxide treatment selectively removes fatty acids from the sludge lipids, while it has little effect on removal and molecular assemblage of the stanol and sterol compounds during sludge stabilisation. Biogenic n-alkanes are minor components in the sludge lipids.     

水中碳酸盐硬度与非碳酸盐硬度的测定方法探讨

对水中碳酸盐硬度与非碳酸盐硬度的测定方法作了探讨，试验结果表明，水样于电炉上加热煮沸6min后，碳酸盐硬度可基本消除，冷却后测定的硬度即为非碳酸盐硬度，从总硬度中减去非碳酸盐硬度，即为水样的碳酸盐硬度。     

Reaction of arsenic vapor species with fly ash compounds: kinetics and speciation of the reaction with calcium silicates

In coal combustion systems, the partitioning of arsenic between the vapor and solid phases is determined by the interaction of arsenic vapors with fly ash compounds under post-combustion conditions. This partitioning is affected by gas–solid reactions between the calcium components of the ash particles and arsenic vapors. In this study, bench scale experiments were conducted with calcium compounds typical of coal-derived fly ash to determine product formation, the extent of reaction and reaction rates when contacted by arsenic oxide vapors. Experiments conducted with arsenic trioxide (As₄O_6(g)) vapors in contact with calcium oxide, di-calcium silicate and mono-calcium silicate over the temperature range 600–1000 °C indicated that these solids were capable of reacting with arsenic vapor species in both air and nitrogen. Calcium arsenate was the observed reaction product in all the samples analyzed. Maximum capture of arsenic occurred at 1000 °C with calcium oxide being the most effective of the three solids over the range of temperatures studied. Using a shrinking core model for a first order reaction and the results from intrinsic kinetic experiments conducted in air, the reaction rate constants were found to be 1.4×10⁻³exp(−2776/T) m/s for calcium oxide particles, 7.2×10⁻³exp(−3367/T) m/s for di-calcium silicate particles and 5.5×10⁻³exp(−3607/T) m/s for mono-calcium silicate particles. These results therefore suggest that any calcium present in fly ash can react with arsenic vapor and capture the metal in water-insoluble forms of the less hazardous As(V) oxidation state.     

Ca2+ and SO42− interactions with dissolved organic matter: Implications of groundwater quality for CKDu incidence in Sri Lanka

It has recently been proposed that recalcitrant dissolved organic carbon(DOC) in groundwater plays a potent etiological role in the peculiar distribution of chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology(CKDu).This study aims to elucidate the interactions of Ca~(2+)and SO_4~(2-)with a model organic fraction of humic acid(SHA) to determine the possible relationship of CKDu incidence with the DOC in drinking water.XPS and FT-IR methods respectively determined the surface functional groups and chemical composition of protonated dissolved organic carbon(HDOC) in a CKDu high-risk zone(HR) of Sri Lanka and in SHA.Higher surface C composition(87.9%) and lower O(11.4%) were observed for HDOC from the HR region than for SHA(C: 73.8%, O: 24.7%).Aromatic C with less Ocontaining functional groups was observed in HDOC.The IR band at 1170 cm~(-1) confirms the formation of organic sulfonate(C–SO_3~-) on SHA.A band at 1213 cm~(-1) due to organic sulfonate in HDOC from the CKDu HR region was also identified.The IR band at 866 cm~(-1) evidenced the formation of CaCO_3 on SHA above pH 7.4.XPS data confirmed the presence of sulfur oxidation states corresponding to SO_3~(2-)and SO_4~(2-)at 168.9 eV and 170.1 eV binding energies,respectively.The binding energies at 347 eV and 351 eV for Ca 2p_(3/2) and Ca 2p_(1/2) eV,respectively, confirmed the bidentate complexation of Ca~(2+)with COO-and sulfonate groups on SHA.The organic sulfonate formed is postulated as a uremic toxicant.     

Effect of calcium formate as an additive on desulfurization in power plants

SO_2 in flue gas needs to be eliminated to alleviate air pollution. As the quality of coal decreases and environmental standard requirements become more stringent, the highefficiency desulfurization of flue gas faces more and more challenges. As an economical and environmentally friendly solution, the effect of calcium formate as an additive on desulfurization efficiency in the wet flue gas desulfurization(WFGD) process was studied for the first time. Improvement of the desulfurization efficiency was achieved with limited change in p H after calcium formate was added into the reactor, and it was found to work better than other additives tested. The positive effects were further verified in a power plant, which showed that adding calcium formate could promote the dissolution of calcium carbonate, accelerate the growth of gypsum crystals and improve the efficiency of desulfurization. Thus, calcium formate was proved to be an effective additive and can potentially be used to reduce the amount of limestone slurry required, as well as the energy consumption and operating costs in industrial desulfurization.     

碳酸镁与铅的吸附和沉淀作用研究

本文系统研究了铅离子在不同初始pH值(4和7)和初始浓度(0~3 mmol/L)条件下与碳酸镁的相互作用。研究结果表明,由于碳酸镁的溶解作用和中和作用,体系的最终pH值保持在10.5左右;随着铅初始浓度的增加,体系的平衡pH值有增加的趋势,在大于0.75 mmol/L后p H值的变化不大;铅的平衡浓度随着初始浓度的增加而增加,在大于0.75 mmol/L后基本稳定;碳酸镁对铅的吸附等温线为折线型,在低浓度时的反应主要为表面配位吸附,而在高浓度时则发生表面沉淀,有Pb_3(CO_3)_2(OH)_2生成。