盐效萃取法从制药废液中回收正丁醇

用盐效萃取法从制药废液中回收正丁醇,考察碳酸钾水溶液与该废液的质量比对脱水率的影响,测定正丁醇-水-碳酸钾体系在40℃时的液-液相平衡数据,用Pitzer理论和NRTL方程对液-液相平衡数据进行了理论计算。结果表明:当质量分数为60.00%的碳酸钾水溶液与废液的质量比为1.00时,脱水率高达84.50%;将有机相进行精馏可得到质量分数为99.50%的正丁醇;计算值与实测值接近,水相和有机相的绝对平均偏差分别为0.60%和0.20%。     

Effects of solution conditions on the precipitation of phosphate for recovery. A thermodynamic evaluation

To understand the effects of solution conditions on the precipitation of calcium phosphates from wastewater for recovery, a computer programme PHREEQC was employed to calculate the speciation and saturation-index (SI) with respect to hydroxyapatite of a chemically defined precipitation system, which contains phosphate of 1–200 mg P/l, with Ca/P molar ratios of one to 10 times of the stoichiometric calcium to phosphorus molar ratio of hydroxyapatite, at a pH range of 7.0–11.0. The results show that the SI is respectively the logarithmic function of the phosphate concentration and the calcium concentration, increasing with the increase of either of them; the SI is a polynomial function of the solution pH value and increases with its increase, and the effect of solution pH value is due to its influence on base uptake of the precipitation reaction and the speciation of phosphate and calcium ions; the SI is also a logarithmic function of the solution ionic strength but decreases with its increase; at the temperature range of 5–30 °C the SI increases linearly with solution temperature and the effect of temperature is also due to its influence on the speciation of phosphate and calcium ions.     

贵阳地区碳酸盐岩岩系成土方式及其特征

碳酸盐岩上覆红土的成因主要有溶蚀-残积说、溶蚀-交代说和外来沉积说。通过对贵阳地区碳酸盐岩岩系上覆红土剖面的调查研究,发现碳酸盐岩岩系成土作用有岩性变化的层间界面上成土、岩-土界面上成土、岩层整体块状层内风化成土等方式。其中岩-土界面成土方式是最常见的一种,而岩层整体块状层内风化成土也有一定比例,岩性变化的层间界面上成土方式相对较少。三种成土类型说明碳酸盐岩岩系成土是复杂的,是多层面、多方式的,并非是单一的成因形成,碳酸盐岩岩系成土速率应比原来认为的高。     

Effect of biocides on the precipitation of calcium fluoride in the presence of anionic copolymeric inhibitors

The inhibitory efficiency of anionic copolymers and the effect of the biocides sodium hypochlorite, glutaraldehyde, and tris(hydroxymethyl)nitromethane on the precipitation behavior of calcium fluoride (CaF₂) were studied. The efficiency of polymeric inhibitors was traced from conductivity measurements by using half-life (t_1/2) method. X-ray diffraction parameters have been measured for calcium fluoride scale minerals. An anionic copolymer (K-798) acts as one of the best inhibitors for the precipitation process of the calcium fluoride in water as compared to K-775. It is assigned to the fact that the copolymer (K-798) contains both sulfonic acid and sulfonated styrene groups while the polymer (K-775) having only the sulfonic acid group. It was further observed that the biocides have no appreciable effect on the performance of the anionic polymeric inhibitors.     

碳酸根对磷酸钙沉淀反应回收磷的影响简

以模拟的厌氧消化液为处理对象,通过小试实验,考察不同初始磷浓度C_P、Ca/P物质的量比、pH和温度下,碳酸根（CO₃^2-）对磷酸钙沉淀反应回收磷的影响;利用扫描电镜（SEM）、X射线衍射仪（XRD）和傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）对沉淀产物进行表征。结果表明,高浓度的CO₃^2-对以磷酸钙沉淀反应去除和回收磷的效率影响较大;C_P相同时,CO₃^2-浓度（C_CO3^2-）越大,P的去除率越低,低C_P（20 mg/L）时尤为显著;当C_CO3^2-相同时,随着C_P的增大,反应速率加快,P的去除率逐渐升高,但升高幅度越来越小;增大Ca/P比和pH能提高P的去除率,降低CO₃^2-对磷酸钙沉淀反应的抑制作用,综合考虑实际效果,应选择Ca/P比为3.33,pH为9.0作为适宜的反应条件;升高温度对降低CO₃^2-对磷酸钙沉淀反应的抑制作用贡献不大。在C_P为60 mg/L,Ca/P比为1.67,pH为9.0,温度为20℃的条件下,当C _CO3^2-为0时,得到的沉淀产物主要为羟基磷灰石HAP;当C _CO3^2-为30 mmol/L时,得到的沉淀产物为磷酸钙和碳酸合磷灰石的混合物。     

不除氧单扫描示波极谱法测定茶叶中钙

研究了在不除氧条件下，用单扫描示波极谱法测定茶叶中钙，在０．０２ｍｏｌ／Ｌ ＫＯＨ体系中，钙－桑色素络合物于－０．７８Ｖ产生一灵敏的极谱峰，峰电流与钙浓度在０．１￣０．８μｇ／ｍＬ之间有良好的线性关系。方法灵敏、准确、简便、选择性好。     

氯化钙对聚合氯化铝混凝去除腐植酸的影响作用研究

研究了ＣａＣｌ２对ＰＡＣ混凝去除腐植酸的影响作用，发现ＣａＣｌ２可以改善混凝效果和沉淀性能。探讨了ｐＨ值、投加量、温度等因素的影响，对药剂费用进行了经济分析，为今后的实际应用提供了基本数据。     

喷钙脱硫灰在高温条件下的稳定性研究

对喷钙脱硫灰在高温条件下的稳定性进行了研究，通过对不同CaSO3,CaO含量的脱硫灰在不同气氛下CaO3的分解规律来考察其稳定定性。结果表明，温度和灰中CaO对脱硫灰的稳定性有直接影响。CaO3的分解率随温度的升高而升高，随CaO含量的增多而降低；气氛中含有氧气对其稳定性有重要作用，氧气能使其生成性能稳定的CaSO4，因此，高温利用脱硫灰时，在1150℃以下，空气中仅有极微量的SO2放出，不会对环境造成危害。     

用丙二醇碳酸酯对膨润土进行活化的研究

膨润土及其产品GCL正广泛应用于城市垃圾填埋场的防渗系统中。但是膨润土的膨胀性能在成分复杂的液体(如渗滤液)中会大幅下降,从而直接影响防渗效果。在分析中,利用丙二醇碳酸酯对钠基膨润土进行活化,提高其耐化学性,并分析了其性能改善的机理。     

化工制药工艺残渣燃烧过程固氯研究

采用管式固定床反应器对化工制药工艺残渣的燃烧分解进行了实验研究,进一步通过加入氧化钙/碳酸钙来防止燃烧过程残渣中氯的释放.实验结果表明,残渣在燃烧时氯主要以氯化氢形式排出,加入固氯剂后能有效地抑制氯化氢的生成,且固氯效果随着钙化物投加量的增加而明显提高.当氧化钙/残渣比(质量比)达到0.8时,固氯率可达97%以上;当碳酸钙/残渣比(质量比)提高到2.0时,固氯率为76%.与此对应的Ca/Cl摩尔比分别为30和40.继续增加钙投加量,固氯效果基本不变.同时发现添加一定量的木屑在助燃的同时有助于提高固氯效果.