Potential mechanisms of phthalate ester embryotoxicity in the abalone Haliotis diversicolor supertexta

The effects and associated toxicological mechanisms of five phthalate esters (PAEs) on abalone embryonic development were investigated by exposing the embryos to a range of PAEs concentrations (0.05, 0.2, 2 and 10 μg/mL). The results showed that PAEs could significantly reduce embryo hatchability, increase developmental malformations, and suppress the metamorphosis of abalone larvae. The possible toxicological mechanisms of PAEs to abalone embryos included, affecting the Na⁺-K⁺-pump and Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺-pump activities, altering the peroxidase (POD) level and the malondialdehyde (MDA) production, damaging the extraembryonic membranes structure, as well as disrupting endocrine-related genes (gpx, cyp3a, and 17β-hsd 12) expression properties. Taken together, this work showed that PAEs adversely affected the embryonic ontogeny of abalone. The abilities of PAEs affecting the osmoregulation, inducing oxidative stress, damaging embryo envelope structure, and causing physiological homeostasis disorder, are likely to be a part of the common mechanisms responsible for their embryonic toxicity.     

臭氧-生物活性炭工艺对饮用水中邻苯二甲酸酯类的去除中试研究

以嘉陵江源水的自来水厂滤后水为研究对象,在中试规模上研究了臭氧-生物活性炭工艺对饮用水中微量邻苯二甲酸酯（又称为酞酸酯,phthalate esters,PAEs）的去除效果。选择邻苯二甲酸二甲酯（DMP）、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（DBP）、邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己基）酯（DEHP）、邻苯二甲酸二辛酯（DOP）为目标物质。研...     

Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of esters of 3-ethoxy-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde oxime

A series of oxime esters was synthesized by esterification of 3-ethoxy-4-benzaldehyde oxime with acid chlorides in the presence of triethylamine. They were evaluated for their in vitro antifungal activity against three pathogenic fungi, namely Rhizoctonia bataticola, Fusarium udum, and Alternaria porii, and their antibacterial activity against the three bacterial strains Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoneae. The compounds bearing medium-length alkyl chains showed greater activity than those with long alkyl chains. An electron-donating group in para position of the aryl ring confers highest activity.     

Chemical characterization of fatty acids,alkanes, n-diols and alkyl esters produced by a mixed culture of Trichoderma koningii and Penicillium janthinellum grown aerobically on undecanoic acid,potatoe dextrose and their mixture

Little is known about the mixed fungal synthesis of high-value aliphatics derived from the metabolism of simple and complex carbon substrates. Trichoderma koningii and Penicillium janthinellum were fed with undecanoic acid (UDA), potatoe dextrose broth (PDB), and their mixture. Pyrolysis Field Ionization Mass Spectrometry (Py-FIMS) together with ¹H and ¹³C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) characterized CHCl₃ soluble aliphatics in the fungal cell culture. Data from NMR and Py-FIMS analysis were complementary to each other. On average, the mixed fungal species produced mostly fatty acids (28% of total ion intensity, TII) > alkanes (2% of TII) > n-diols (2% of TII) > and alkyl esters (0.8% of TII) when fed with UDA, PDB or UDA+PDB. The cell culture accumulated aliphatics extracellularly, although most of the identified compounds accumulated intracellularly. The mixed fungal culture produced high-value chemicals from the metabolic conversion of simple and complex carbon substrates.     

有机磷酸酯类阻燃剂在环境中的最新残留现状研究

随着卤系阻燃剂的逐步被禁用,有机磷酸酯类(OPEs)阻燃剂的使用量剧增,在环境中的残留量也随之增加.而环境残留的大部分OPEs对生态系统和人类健康表现出一定的毒理学作用,因此,调查OPEs类阻燃剂在环境中的最新残留是很有必要的.文章主要从大气环境、水环境、土壤环境和生物介质几个方面对有机磷酸酯的环境残留进行了详细的调查,并提出了研究的方向和建议.     

呼和浩特市不同粒径空气颗粒物上酞酸酯的污染

采用大流量采样器和五段分级采样头，对呼和浩特市冬夏两季不同粒径空气颗粒物中酞酸酯（ＰＡＥ）进行采样分析，结果表明：不同粒径的酞酸酯含量范围为６８３—７４４ｎｇ／ｍ３（标），其中富集在空气动力学当量直径＜７０μｍ以内的占７２５％—９１２％，富集在≤１１μｍ以内的占１００％—４５５％．     

5种典型有机磷酸酯在水-土壤界面吸附特征及影响因素

本研究通过模拟5种典型有机磷酸酯(OPEs)在水-土壤界面吸附过程,建立了3种土壤对OPEs的等温吸附方程,并探讨了不同的温度和溶解性有机碳(DOC)浓度对吸附过程的影响.结果表明,5种OPEs单体均能在吸附进行12 h后达到吸附平衡; 5种单体均能较好地符合Freundlich吸附等温方程,决定系数R2范围为0. 963～0. 995;相关性分析表明,结构相似单体的平衡分配系数(Kd)值具有显著相关性(P 0. 05),说明表明除了理化性质,分子结构也是影响Kd值的因素之一.温度和DOC对吸附影响的研究表明,温度对本研究中的5种单体的Kd值影响较为显著,随着温度升高,Kd值均呈现出下降的趋势;磷酸三(2-丁氧基乙基)酯(TBEP)和磷酸三(1,3-二氯-1-丙基)酯(TDCP)的Kd值是受DOC影响最为显著的两类单体,均表现出先迅速降低然后再升高的趋势,而其他几种OPEs单体的Kd值随着DOC的增大并未表现出明显的增高或减少的趋势.     

水和废水中酞酸酯的测定

建立了Zorbax-CN柱和含0.1％异丙醇的正己烷为洗脱液,在224nm处紫外检测的液相色谱系统,并应用该系统测试了北京市工业废水、地面水、地下水和饮用水中的酞酸酯。水样经正己烷萃取后,不需净化（如柱层析）即可直接进入液相色谱系统进行分析。方法检出限：酞酸二甲酯1.0ng;酞酸二乙酯0.4ng;酞酸二正丁酯、酞酸二正辛酯和酞酸－双-（2-乙基己基）酯为0.2ng。定量分析的线性范围为0.1～450ppb,回收率为70～110％,5～7次平行测试的变异系数在10％以内。     

太湖重点区域多介质水体中有机磷酸酯的分布特征及来源解析

有机磷酸酯（organophosphate esters,OPEs）具有细胞毒性、遗传毒性、发育毒性、神经毒性和内分泌干扰效应等,大量地使用导致其在多种环境介质中被检出,对生态系统造成潜在风险.本文分析了太湖重点区域（常州地区）典型行业企业废水、污水处理厂进出水和地表水中13种典型OPEs的浓度水平及分布特征,使用相关性分析和主成分分析方法解析地表水中OPEs来源,并评价了其生态风险.结果表明,7家企业废水中∑OPEs浓度为91.70~840.52 ng·L^-1,不同类型企业废水中OPEs组成各有差别,但多以磷酸三（1-氯-2-丙基）酯（TCPP）、磷酸三乙酯（TEP）和磷酸三（2-氯乙基）酯（TCEP）为主.污水处理厂进出水中∑OPEs浓度较高,为1859.59~2778.57 ng·L^-1,且传统污水处理工艺对其去除效果有限,2家污水厂对总∑OPEs去除率分别为14.97%和17.32%,其中对芳香基OPEs的去除率分别为97.91%和90.83%,而对氯代OPEs去除率仅为4.37%和5.40%.在京杭大运河和丹金溧漕河的14个地表水中∑OPEs浓度为219.47~689.85 ng·L^-1,明显低于污水厂进出水中OPEs浓度,主要以TEP、TCPP和TCEP为主.对OPEs来源进行解析,结果表明企业废水排放、废油废气的排放和建筑材料的释放可能是该地区地表水环境中OPEs的主要来源.风险商方法评价结果表明,水体中多数OPEs对水生生物具有较低的风险,但部分点位2-乙基己基二苯基磷酸酯（EHDPP）具有中等生态风险.     

太湖重点区域水环境中邻苯二甲酸酯的污染水平及生态风险评价

为了解太湖重点区域水环境中邻苯二甲酸酯(phthalate esters,PAEs)的污染情况,对丰水期、枯水期和平水期目标区域的水体和沉积物中6种PAEs进行分析,3个水期水体中PAEs浓度分别为1.6~11.2μg·L-1(平均值3.68μg·L-1)、nd~6.21μg·L-1(平均值1.3μg·L-1)和nd~1.72μg·L-1(平均值0.48μg·L-1),从上游至下游未呈现明显浓度变化,其中邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯[di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate,DEHP]对ΣPAEs浓度的贡献比较大,邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯(di-n-butyl phthalate,DBP)在某些采样点高于国内标准.沉积物中PAEs含量范围在0.74~6.90μg·g-1(平均值2.64μg·g-1),主要成分是DBP和DEHP.生态风险评价的结果表明,DBP和DEHP是重点区域中最主要的风险因子;沉积物PAEs中所有种类的含量均未超过风险评价低值(effect range low,ERL),对生物的潜在危害较小.与国内外河流、湖泊与河口等沉积物中PAEs污染水平比较,太湖重点区域水环境中PAEs污染属于中等水平.工业污染和城市活动是水环境中邻苯二甲酸酯的主要来源.