Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of esters of 3-ethoxy-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde oxime

A series of oxime esters was synthesized by esterification of 3-ethoxy-4-benzaldehyde oxime with acid chlorides in the presence of triethylamine. They were evaluated for their in vitro antifungal activity against three pathogenic fungi, namely Rhizoctonia bataticola, Fusarium udum, and Alternaria porii, and their antibacterial activity against the three bacterial strains Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoneae. The compounds bearing medium-length alkyl chains showed greater activity than those with long alkyl chains. An electron-donating group in para position of the aryl ring confers highest activity.     

Chemical characterization of fatty acids,alkanes, n-diols and alkyl esters produced by a mixed culture of Trichoderma koningii and Penicillium janthinellum grown aerobically on undecanoic acid,potatoe dextrose and their mixture

Little is known about the mixed fungal synthesis of high-value aliphatics derived from the metabolism of simple and complex carbon substrates. Trichoderma koningii and Penicillium janthinellum were fed with undecanoic acid (UDA), potatoe dextrose broth (PDB), and their mixture. Pyrolysis Field Ionization Mass Spectrometry (Py-FIMS) together with ¹H and ¹³C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) characterized CHCl₃ soluble aliphatics in the fungal cell culture. Data from NMR and Py-FIMS analysis were complementary to each other. On average, the mixed fungal species produced mostly fatty acids (28% of total ion intensity, TII) > alkanes (2% of TII) > n-diols (2% of TII) > and alkyl esters (0.8% of TII) when fed with UDA, PDB or UDA+PDB. The cell culture accumulated aliphatics extracellularly, although most of the identified compounds accumulated intracellularly. The mixed fungal culture produced high-value chemicals from the metabolic conversion of simple and complex carbon substrates.     

5种典型有机磷酸酯在水-土壤界面吸附特征及影响因素

本研究通过模拟5种典型有机磷酸酯(OPEs)在水-土壤界面吸附过程,建立了3种土壤对OPEs的等温吸附方程,并探讨了不同的温度和溶解性有机碳(DOC)浓度对吸附过程的影响.结果表明,5种OPEs单体均能在吸附进行12 h后达到吸附平衡; 5种单体均能较好地符合Freundlich吸附等温方程,决定系数R2范围为0. 963～0. 995;相关性分析表明,结构相似单体的平衡分配系数(Kd)值具有显著相关性(P 0. 05),说明表明除了理化性质,分子结构也是影响Kd值的因素之一.温度和DOC对吸附影响的研究表明,温度对本研究中的5种单体的Kd值影响较为显著,随着温度升高,Kd值均呈现出下降的趋势;磷酸三(2-丁氧基乙基)酯(TBEP)和磷酸三(1,3-二氯-1-丙基)酯(TDCP)的Kd值是受DOC影响最为显著的两类单体,均表现出先迅速降低然后再升高的趋势,而其他几种OPEs单体的Kd值随着DOC的增大并未表现出明显的增高或减少的趋势.     

太湖重点区域水环境中邻苯二甲酸酯的污染水平及生态风险评价

为了解太湖重点区域水环境中邻苯二甲酸酯(phthalate esters,PAEs)的污染情况,对丰水期、枯水期和平水期目标区域的水体和沉积物中6种PAEs进行分析,3个水期水体中PAEs浓度分别为1.6~11.2μg·L-1(平均值3.68μg·L-1)、nd~6.21μg·L-1(平均值1.3μg·L-1)和nd~1.72μg·L-1(平均值0.48μg·L-1),从上游至下游未呈现明显浓度变化,其中邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯[di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate,DEHP]对ΣPAEs浓度的贡献比较大,邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯(di-n-butyl phthalate,DBP)在某些采样点高于国内标准.沉积物中PAEs含量范围在0.74~6.90μg·g-1(平均值2.64μg·g-1),主要成分是DBP和DEHP.生态风险评价的结果表明,DBP和DEHP是重点区域中最主要的风险因子;沉积物PAEs中所有种类的含量均未超过风险评价低值(effect range low,ERL),对生物的潜在危害较小.与国内外河流、湖泊与河口等沉积物中PAEs污染水平比较,太湖重点区域水环境中PAEs污染属于中等水平.工业污染和城市活动是水环境中邻苯二甲酸酯的主要来源.     

Potential treatments to reduce phorbol esters levels in jatropha seed cake for improving the value added product

Jatropha seed cake contains high amounts of protein and other nutrients, however it has a drawback due to toxic compounds. The aim of this study was to investigate the methods applied to detoxify the main toxin, phorbol esters in jatropha seed cake, to a safe and acceptable level by maintaining the nutritional values. Phorbol esters are tetracyclic diterpenoids-polycyclic compounds that are known as tumor promoters and hence exhibited the toxicity within a broad range of species. Mismanagement of the jatropha waste from jatropha oil industries would lead to contamination of the environment, affecting living organisms and human health through the food chain, so several methods were tested for reducing the toxicity of the seed cake. The results from this investigation showed that heat treatments at either 120°C or 220°C for 1 hour and then mixing with adsorbing bentonite (10%), nanoparticles of zinc oxide (100 μg/g) plus NaHCO₃ at 4%, followed by a 4-week incubation period yielded the best final product. The remaining phorbol esters concentration (0.05–0.04 mg/g) from this treatment was less than that reported for the nontoxic jatropha varieties (0.11–0.27 mg/g). Nutritional values of the seed cake after treatment remained at the same levels found in the control group and these values were crude protein (20.47–21.40 + 0.17–0.25%), crude lipid (14.27–14.68 + 0.13–0.14%) and crude fiber (27.33–29.67 + 0.58%). A cytotoxicity test conducted using L929 and normal human dermal fibroblast cell lines confirmed that most of the toxic compounds, especially phorbol esters, were shown as completely eliminated. The results suggested that the detoxification of phorbol esters residues in the jatropha seed cake was possible while it also retained nutritional values. Therefore, the methods to detoxify phorbol esters are necessary to minimize the toxicity of jatropha seed cake. Further, it is essential to reduce the possible environmental impacts that may be generated throughout the jatropha waste-handling process. However additional tests such as digestibility as well as acceptability of the treated jatropha seed cake should be conducted using both in vivo and in vitro studies before recommending the jatropha seed cake as a source of renewable animal feed and other value-added products.     

固相萃取技术预富集环境水样中邻苯二甲酸酯

使用Ｃ₁₈固相萃取柱，系统地研究了环境水样中邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物的固相萃取预富集方法，考虑影响回收率的４个主要因素，即水样流速、洗脱溶剂、洗脱溶剂用量及洗脱速率，利用正交试验进行萃取条件的优化．最后确定最佳萃取条件为：水样流速４ｍ ｌ·ｍ ｉｎ^-1，洗脱溶剂为乙酸乙酯、洗脱溶剂用量２ｍ ｌ，洗脱速率２ｍｌ·ｍ ｉｎ^-1．并探讨了其它影响萃取效果的因素，除邻苯二甲酸二辛酯（ＤＥＨＰ）外，邻苯二甲酸二甲酯（ＤＭＰ）、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯（ＤＥＰ）、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（ＤＢＰ）的固相萃取回收率在９６．５％ ～１２０％ 范围内，相应化合物的液－液萃取回收率为９２．９％ ～１２０％ ． 表明固相萃取，在环境水样中的邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物分离富集方面可以取代液－液萃取． 同时，进行了固相萃取柱在不同条件下的贮存实验．     

塑料对农田生态系的污染及其防治

农田生态系的塑料污染主要来源于：（１）工业废弃物的排放，（２）城市生活垃圾，（３）农用塑料薄膜残余物。塑料对我国农田生态系的污染状况相当普遍，个别地区由于农田残膜量大幅度增加或城市生活垃圾直接进入农田给农业带来了一场空前的“白色灾害”，成为影响农业生产的主要污染问题之一。土壤耕层中的塑料可严重影响作物根系的生长发育及土壤中水肥的运移，而使作物减产。此外，塑料中各种添加剂尤其是酞酸酯类增塑剂对作物的生长有明显影响，这种影响随作物生长时期和品种不同而异。为了防治塑料对农田生态系的污染，应该大力研制各类可降解性塑料制品，并推广应用到实际生产中去，注重废弃塑料的回收，使其再生资源化。     

胶州湾表层水体中邻苯二甲酸酯的污染特征和生态风险

以胶州湾为研究区域,选取15种常用邻苯二甲酸酯（phthalate esters,PAEs）作为检测目标,采用搅拌棒吸附萃取-气相色谱质谱联用的方法,于2015年8月和11月以及2016年1月对胶州湾开展3次大面积调查,检测分析了胶州湾表层水体中PAEs的含量、组成、空间分布和季节变化,同时对胶州湾水体中PAEs进行了风险评价.结果表明：①2015年8月和11月、2016年1月胶州湾表层海水中PAEs的总浓度范围分别为3.63~21.20、2.24~12.60和0.01~4.15μg·L^-1,平均浓度分别为11.10、5.26和0.80 μg·L^-1.②受入海径流和洋流影响,胶州湾表层水体中PAEs浓度表现出近岸高,远岸低,且总体东岸浓度高于西岸.与国内外其他研究相比,胶州湾表层水体中PAEs含量处于中等水平,但在海洋中属于污染较严重的海域.33个季节PAEs浓度分布差异较大,受降雨量等因素影响整体呈现夏季 > 秋季 > 冬季的趋势,③个季节主要检出种类均为DBP、BBP和DEHP.④生态风险评估结果表明,胶州湾各站位DBP的风险商值（RQ）均大于1,即生态风险较大,其他PAEs（RQ<1）风险较小.PAEs已成为胶州湾中一类具有潜在威胁的有机污染物,其在环境中的行为和生态危害仍需进一步研究.     

珠江三角洲典型区域农产品中邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)污染分布特征

在珠江三角洲典型区域(中山市、珠海市、东莞市和惠州市)内共采集了131个农产品样品,进行了6种优先控制污染物邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)含量水平分析及风险评价.结果表明,珠三角地区农产品样品中6种邻苯二甲酸酯累计含量(∑PAEs)范围为nd~79.86 mg·kg~(-1),平均含量为2.84 mg·kg~(-1),检出率为98.5%.各类农产品中∑PAEs平均含量的顺序依次为蔬菜(3.03 mg·kg~(-1))水稻(2.52 mg·kg~(-1))水果(1.26 mg·kg~(-1)).各城市产区内农产品中∑PAEs平均含量顺序为:珠海(6.53 mg·kg~(-1))东莞(2.59 mg·kg~(-1))惠州(1.53 mg·kg~(-1))中山(1.12 mg·kg~(-1)).农产品中PAEs的主要成分为邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯(DBP)、邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基)己酯(DEHP)和邻苯二甲酸二正辛酯(DnOP),三者的累计含量占∑PAEs总量的90.8%.其中生菜(珠海)和芥兰(东莞)二者中∑PAEs的总量以及生菜、油麦菜(珠海)样品中DEHP的含量均超过美国和欧洲的建议标准,存在潜在的健康风险.芥兰、生菜等叶菜类蔬菜在14种不同蔬菜样品中的∑PAEs总量较高,而菜心和苋菜的∑PAEs含量最低.蔬菜品种间结构特征和生长环境(大气和土壤)的差异是影响其对PAEs的吸收及在体内累积的主要因素.     

中国室内和室外灰尘中邻苯二甲酸酯的分布和健康风险评价

邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)是一类内分泌干扰物,作为塑料添加剂被大量生产和使用,其环境污染和风险评价已成为当今关注的焦点。对中国各地区88个室内灰尘样品和86个室外灰尘样品进行了调查,发现邻苯二甲酸酯在两类灰尘中广泛存在,10种邻苯二甲酸酯的总浓度分别为9.60~4 130μg·g~(-1)dw和0.102~1 430μg·g~(-1)dw,且室内灰尘中邻苯二甲酸酯含量高于室外灰尘。研究还表明,不同地区的邻苯二甲酸酯含量差异很大,但邻苯二甲酸(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DnBP)和邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯(Di BP)在各地区都是主要组分,三者总量占总PAEs的95%以上。估算了成人和儿童每天通过灰尘摄入DEHP、Dn BP、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)的总量分别为5.32×10~(-2)~1.81、2.21×10~(-2)~0.595、1.90×10~(-4)~5.62×10~(-3)μg·kg~(-1)bw·d~(-1)和1.20~8.32、0.704~3.47、4.48×10~(-3)~2.43×10~(-2)μg·kg~(-1)bw·d~(-1);灰尘中DEHP对成人和儿童的致癌风险(R)分别为7.45×10-7~2.53×10-6和1.68×10-5~1.16×10~(-4)。上述研究结果为进一步评价该类物质健康风险提供科学依据和基础资料。