火化过程中二噁英类污染物减排技术研究

为减少火化过程中二噁英类污染物的排放,研究了"热交换器 布袋除尘器 活性炭纤维毡"三级组合对火化遗体烟气中二噁英类污染物的去除效果.利用急冷技术将二次燃烧室排出的火化烟气温度降到90～130℃.实验表明,布袋除尘器去除火化烟气中二噁英类污染物的效率为57.4%;布袋除尘器分别与厚度为5、15 mm的活性炭纤维毡组合去除火化烟气中二噁英类污染物的效率分别为64.0%和89.2%.     

Heterogeneity of chlorinated hydrocarbon sorption properties in a sandy aquifer

Hydraulic conductivity and sorption coefficients for chlorinated hydrocarbons (chloroform, carbon tetrachloride and tetrachloroethylene) were evaluated for 216 sediment samples collected across a 15 m transect and a 21 m depth interval in a contaminated aquifer near Schoolcraft, Michigan. Relationships between hydraulic conductivity, linear sorption partition coefficients, grain size classes, and spatial location were investigated using linear regression analysis and geostatistical techniques. Clear evidence of layering was found in sorption properties, hydraulic conductivity and grain sizes. Conductivity correlated well with grain size, as expected, but sorption varied inversely with grain size, contrary to some previous reports. No significant correlation was found between sorption properties and hydraulic conductivity. This is likely due to the unexpected presence of small amounts of highly sorptive coal-like solids, which dominate the sorption behavior but have little effect on conductivity. The results demonstrate that recent findings regarding the high sorption capacity of coal materials found in soils can exert a controlling influence on contaminant transport. Designers of in situ remediation systems should be cautioned that 1) it is not reasonable to assume that sorption capacity and hydraulic conductivity are related, 2) sorption capacity and hydraulic conductivity are critical measurements for contaminant site characterization and subsequent transport modeling, 3) estimating sorption capacity from organic carbon measurement may lead to greater errors than performing sorption isotherms, and 4) it is more important to characterize vertical heterogeneity rather than horizontal heterogeneity because both sorption and hydraulic conductivity are correlated across longer distances in the horizontal plane.     

Monitoring trichloroethene remediation at an iron permeable reactive barrier using stable carbon isotopic analysis

Stable carbon isotopic analysis, in combination with compositional analysis, was used to evaluate the performance of an iron permeable reactive barrier (PRB) for the remediation of ground water contaminated with trichloroethene (TCE) at Spill Site 7 (SS7), F.E. Warren Air Force Base, Wyoming. Compositional data indicated that although the PRB appeared to be reducing TCE to concentrations below treatment goals within and immediately downgradient of the PRB, concentrations remained higher than expected at wells further downgradient (i.e. >9 m) of the PRB. At two wells downgradient of the PRB, TCE concentrations were comparable to upgradient values, and delta13C values of TCE at these wells were not significantly different than upgradient values. Since the process of sorption/desorption does not significantly fractionate carbon isotope values, this suggests that the TCE observed at these wells is desorbing from local aquifer materials and was present before the PRB was installed. In contrast, three other downgradient wells show significantly more enriched delta13C values compared to the upgradient mean. In addition, delta13C values for the degradation products of TCE, cis-dichloroethene and vinyl chloride, show fractionation patterns expected for the products of the reductive dechlorination of TCE. Since concentrations of both TCE and degradation products drop to below detection limit in wells within the PRB and directly below it, these downgradient chlorinated hydrocarbon concentrations are attributed to desorption from local aquifer material. The carbon isotope values indicate that this dissolved contaminant is subject to local degradation, likely due to in situ microbial activity.     

S–O–C isotopic picture of sulphate–methane–carbonate system in freshwater lakes from Poland. A review

Microbial oxidation of organic compounds (including methane), in freshwater sediments, may result in precipitation of carbonates, which may become an important geochemical archive of paleoenvironmental variations. Most probably low δ¹³C value in calcite in eutrophic systems results from an advanced oxidation of organic compounds in turbulent or/and sulphate-rich conditions. Likewise, high δ¹³C value in calcite from organic-rich sediments may evidence low redox potential of the freshwater system. Oxidation of methane and organic matter results in significant isotope effects in sulphates dissolved in water. Therefore, to better understand the origin of carbon isotope signal in carbonates, concentration and stable isotope measurements in dissolved sulphate (water column), bubble methane and calcite (freshwater sediments) have been carried out in 24 lakes, 2 ponds and 4 rivers in Poland. The highest concentration of sulphate has been detected in rivers (85.47 SO₄ ²⁻ mg/l) and an artificial lake (70.30 SO₄ ²⁻ mg/l) located in the extremely SO₄ ²⁻-polluted region called the “Black Triangle”. The lowest concentration of sulphate is found in dystrophic and mountain lakes (from 0.5 SO₄ ²⁻ to about 3 mg/l). The lowest δ³⁴S(SO₄ ²⁻) and δ¹⁸O(SO₄ ²⁻) values occur in unpolluted lakes in eastern Poland (−0.94 and 1.38‰, respectively). The highest S and O isotopic ratios are found in a polluted lake in western Poland (δ¹⁴S(SO₄ ²)=12.95‰) and in a dystrophic lake in eastern Poland (δ¹⁸O(SO₄ ²) = 16.15‰) respectively. It is proposed that δ³⁴SO₄ ²⁻ and (¹⁸O(SO₄ ²⁻) values in lakes represent a good tool to assess and quantify anthropogenic impact by acid precipitation and to monitor variations in the trophic state and redox processes controlled by biodegradation of organic compounds in sediments and water column. In general, increasing depth (up to 12 m) of the water column is associated with decreasing trend the δ¹³C(CH₄) value from about –35 to about –78‰. However, δ¹³C value in sedimentary calcite (δ¹³C vary from –10 to 0.5‰) shows opposite trends as compared to the corresponding methane. This is probably due to redox processes and distribution of heavy isotopes between methane and calcite. Likewise, turbulent water (river) show high δ¹³C value in methane and low δ¹³C value in calcite—this is probably due to an enhanced oxidation of methane producing ¹³C-depleted CO₂. In contrast to clean lakes, it is observed that an increase of the δ¹³C(CH₄) value occurs with increasing depth of the water column in a strongly SO₄ ²⁻-contaminated lake. This is probably due to a loss of biological buffering potential of the lake accompanied by an active oxidation of methane precursors.     

Effect of pH on Pb biouptake by the freshwater alga<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Chlorella kesslerii</Emphasis>

The effect of pH on Pb bioaccumulation by Chlorella kesslerii was studied. Both Pb uptake fluxes and Pb bound to membrane transport sites increased with an increase in pH from 4.0–5.0, were relatively stable in the pH interval 5.0–6.5, and increased again at pH 7.0 and 8.0. Protons affected Pb adsorption to the algal surface by competing directly for surface sites, by modifying the overall algal surface charge and by modifying the chemical speciation of Pb in solution. These results indicate a failure of the free-ion activity or biotic ligand models above pH 6.5, possibly due to the bioaccumulation of hydroxo or carbonato Pb complexes.     

Analysis of leakage in carbon sequestration projects in forestry: a case study of upper magat watershed,Philippines

The role of forestry projects in carbon conservation and sequestration is receiving much attention because of their role in the mitigation of climate change. The main objective of the study is to analyze the potential of the Upper Magat Watershed for a carbon sequestration project. The three main development components of the project are forest conservation: tree plantations, and agroforestry farm development. At Year 30, the watershed can attain a net carbon benefit of 19.5 M tC at a cost of US$ 34.5 M. The potential leakage of the project is estimated using historical experience in technology adoption in watershed areas in the Philippines and a high adoption rate. Two leakage scenarios were used: baseline and project leakage scenarios. Most of the leakage occurs in the first 10 years of the project as displacement of livelihood occurs during this time. The carbon lost via leakage is estimated to be 3.7 M tC in the historical adoption scenario, and 8.1 M tC under the enhanced adoption scenario.     

混凝氧化法处理精研精抛清洗废液

采用混凝、氧化的方法对精研精抛清洗废液进行处理，对絮凝过程中所用的６种混凝剂的投加量ｐＨ值和氧化过程中的氧化试剂Ｈ２Ｏ２的投加量分别进行了筛选，同时简单地分析了反应机理．经混凝氧化处理后，ＣＯＤ值由１２００ｍｇ／ｍＬ降至５００ｍｇ／ｍＬ左右，ＣＯＤ去除率达９５％；最后进行活性炭吸附，ＣＯＤ值达到国家排放标准．     

理论等温方程式在CS2—ACF静态吸附体系的应用

测定了CS_2蒸气在4种ACF(活性炭纤维)和GAC(粒状活性炭)上的若干吸附等温线。用BET方程、H-J方程和D-A方程对CS_2-ACF静态吸附体系进行了处理。结果表明,除H-J方程外,其它两个方程适用良好。通过理论等温方程式,求出了吸附剂的比表面积和微孔体积。     

A nanocomposite of CoFe2O4-carbon microspheres for electrochemical energy storage applications

A carbon/CoFe₂O₄ composite was synthesized by precipitation method. The morphology of the composite was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectra, and vibrating sample magnetometry. The electrocapacitive behaviors of the composite has been studies by cycle voltammogram and galvanic charge/discharge. The size of the nanoparticles carbon composite of CoFe₂O₄ was uniform and 209 nm. Due to a high percent of carbon, electrochemical measurements showed electrical double layer mechanism. Specifically, the carbon/cobalt ferrite electrode exhibited high specific capacitance of 102.5 F g^?1 at a current density of 0.16 A g^?1, and high rate capability with 30% retention of capacitance even up to 20 A g^?1, and excellent cycling stability with 81.5% retention of the initial capacitance after 6000 charge/discharge cycles, supporting that the carbon cobalt ferrite composite electrode could be a potential candidate for supercapacitor application.     

Carbon reduction potential and cost evaluation of different mitigation approaches in China's coal to olefin Industry

Coal-based olefin (CTO) industry as a complement of traditional petrochemical industry plays vital role in China's national economic development. However, high CO₂ emission in CTO industry is one of the fatal problems to hinder its development. In this work, the carbon emission and mitigation potentials by different reduction pathways are evaluated. The economic cost is analyzed and compared as well. According to the industry development plan, the carbon emissions from China's CTO industry will attain 189.43 million ton CO₂ (MtCO₂) and 314.11 MtCO₂ in 2020 and 2030, respectively. With the advanced technology level, the maximal carbon mitigation potential could be attained to 15.3% and 21.9% in 2020 and 2030. If the other optional mitigation ways are combined together, the carbon emission could further reduce to some extent. In general, the order of mitigation potential is followed as: feedstock alteration by natural gas > CO₂ hydrogenation with renewable electricity applied > CCS technology. The mitigation cost analysis indicates that on the basis of 2015 situation, the economic penalty for feedstock alteration is the lowest, ranged between 186 and 451 CNY/tCO₂, and the cost from CCS technology is ranged between 404 and 562 CNY/tCO₂, which is acceptable if the CO₂ enhanced oil recovery and carbon tax are considered. However, for the CO₂ hydrogenation technology, the cost is extremely high and there is almost no application possibility at present.