超稠油废水处理的实验研究

针对超稠油废水污染的问题 ,确定采用混凝沉降、砂滤、活性炭吸附处理超稠油废水 ,处理后的水达到国家排放标准。此方法工艺比较简单 ,处理效果好     

瓦斯抽采二次膨胀封孔材料膨胀机理及应用研究

为降低瓦斯抽采漏气,开发了1种具备后期膨胀的二次膨胀材料（DE）,以水泥基材料为对比样,利用自制的膨胀力测试装置,以XRD和SEM分别表征其膨胀力及微观结构。研究结果表明:相比水泥基材料,DE材料的膨胀力明显,并表现出显著的时间效应,且DE材料的膨胀力随约束刚度增大而增大;水化1 d时, DE材料较水泥基材料生成更多的钙矾石（AFt）晶体;随着DE材料水化,AFt晶体不断增多,且水化7 d后AFt晶体发生延迟膨胀,这是引起DE材料后期膨胀的主要因素;工程应用表明DE材料可提高瓦斯抽采浓度及纯量,有效改善抽采效果。     

大气土壤耦合的埋地燃气管道泄漏扩散数值分析

为了研究埋地燃气管道泄漏燃气在非稳态泄漏条件下的扩散行为,基于燃气管道非稳态泄漏大孔模型,应用CFD分别求解土壤和大气扩散方程,通过丙烷地面扩散通量耦合了土壤和大气环境,进行了泄漏扩散的数值模拟,所得模拟计算结果与地上泄漏扩散数值模拟结果进行了对比分析。研究结果表明:耦合模拟条件下,风速仍是影响丙烷扩散距离和高度的主要因素;温度和相对湿度对丙烷扩散有相对较小的影响;与埋地泄漏相比,不同条件下地上泄漏的扩散距离和扩散高度均有误差,水平扩散距离误差普遍较大,扩散高度个别情况下误差较大;地上泄漏条件下的模拟结果数值偏大,对事故的预测和评估准确性会产生显著影响。     

天然气管道不同孔径泄漏失效概率量化方法研究*

为研究不同孔径泄漏下天然气管道失效概率,首先基于EGIG数据库和UKOPA数据库天然气管道历史失效数据,计算由不同失效原因导致3种孔径泄漏所占比例;然后将我国管道各原因基础失效概率按照对应比例分别进行修正,获得较适用于我国天然气管道特点的不同孔径泄漏基础失效概率;最后分别考虑第三方破坏、腐蚀、施工缺陷/材料失效、误操作、自然力破坏5种失效原因,完成对天然气管道不同孔径泄漏基础失效概率的修正计算。研究结果表明:小孔泄漏、中孔泄漏和破裂泄漏的基础失效概率分别为0.173,0.128,0.048次/（103 km·a）;修正因子包括管径、埋深、壁厚、管龄、防腐层类型、管道所处区域,上述因子能够满足不同场景下天然气管道失效概率的修正计算;概率量化方法综合考虑失效原因、泄漏孔径以及管道本体信息,能够定量化预测天然气管道失效概率,为天然气管道定量风险评价提供数据支撑。     

基于STIRPAT模型的黑龙江省碳排放影响因素研究

2005年以来,黑龙江省社会经济持续稳步发展,截至2017年,全省GDP达到15903亿元,增长近3倍,人均GDP增长2.89倍,城镇化率达到60%,第三产业占全省生产总值比重达到55.82%。与此同时,全省碳排放量从19095万吨增加到27251万吨,增长1.43倍。通过对黑龙江省13年间社会经济数据的系统分析研判,人均GDP、城镇化率、碳排放强度等因素对全省碳排放量影响显著。     

Analyzing the Effects of Groundwater Pumping on an Urban Stream‐Aquifer System

When the cone of influence of a pumping well reaches a nearby river, the resulting hydraulic gradient can induce enhanced seepage of streamflow into the aquifer. The rate of seepage is often modeled using analytical solutions that are simple to apply but may not reproduce field data due to mathematical assumptions not being met in the field. Furthermore, the appropriateness of such models has not been investigated in detail due to difficulty in measuring streamflow loss in the field. In this study, a field experiment was conducted on a reach of the South Platte River near Denver, Colorado to estimate pumping‐induced streamflow loss. A network of stream gauges, monitoring wells, and in situ measurements was used to observe streamflow rates, groundwater levels, and temperature to assess if pumping wells have a significant impact on streamflow, and to compare observed streamflow depletion against analytical solutions. Data collected suggest that pumping wells have a noticeable impact on streamflow. The analytical solutions proved accurate if streamflow was low and constant but performed poorly if streamflow was high and variable. Therefore, for this reach, the use of analytical solutions to predict streamflow may only be appropriate under low‐flow, constant‐flow conditions. Methods and results can be used to guide other streamflow depletion studies and to inform cases of pumping‐induced streamflow depletion, particularly in regard to water rights.     

Safety evaluation of different acids in high-density polyethylene container loading

To reduce costs, high-purity chemical suppliers wash and reuse HDPE containers collected from users. To determine the lifetime of a container, the appearance of that container and the manufacturer's recommendations for its lifetime are generally considered. Guidelines for determining the lifetime of an HDPE container have not been clearly defined. The lack of these specifications may result in the leakage of high-purity chemicals in the storage, transportation and use of HDPE containers. To understand the effects of using high-purity chemicals (sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) and nitric acid (HNO₃)) on HDPE, this study revealed its effects by mechanical and thermal performance tests. According to the mechanical properties test results, the ductility and tensile strength of HDPE soaked H₂SO₄ and HNO₃ decreased. HDPE immersed in HNO₃ exhibited the lowest thermal stability by thermal performance testing. In summary, the degradation of HDPE is affected by storage conditions. For this study, HDPE only needs 60 days of immersion in HNO_3, and its ductility and tensile strength will decline obviously. This study shows that when these containers are used for long-term storage of high purity chemicals, the mechanical properties (including ductility, ductility, and tensile strength) of HDPE containers tend to decrease. To decrease accidental leakage of chemicals due to aging of HDPE, comprehensive and approved regulations should be established for the loading, transport, and storage of HDPE containers.     

Mutual effects between dynamic leakage behavior and the pressure/temperature in a LNG tank with external heat fluxes

The objective of this work is to investigate and model the mutual effects between the dynamic pressure/temperature in the LNG tank and the leakage behavior with external heat fluxes. The results suggest that the pressure and temperature in tank during leakage change with the comparison results between the heat flux consumed in liquid boil-off and the external heat flux supplied. At the liquid leakage stage, when the external heat flux is not very high, the pressure in tank tends to increase significantly, even results in tank explosion. It increases more and more heavily with higher and higher external heat fluxes. At the vapor leakage stage, large amount of vapor spray out, which results in a high generation rate of vapor by the liquid boil-off. The pressure in tank normally decreases to be low, which is unfavorable for the LNG tank explosion. Therefore, at this vapor leakage stage, blocking the leakage hole as soon as possible is not always a right choice for fire fighters. Finally, it is suggested that reducing the heat flux into the tank, either at the liquid leakage stage or in vapor one, is key to the tank safety.     

Accident consequence calculation of ammonia dispersion in factory area

With the widespread use of ammonia in the process industry, more and more accidents were caused by ammonia leakage and dispersion. The dispersion of ammonia is determined by its physical properties, release source conditions and atmospheric environment. Full-scale numerical simulation based on CFD theory was carried out to study the dispersion law of ammonia in a food factory. It was found that ammonia concentrated on the symmetric plane and showed an upward movement near the source. Moreover, the effect of pressure on the dispersion of ammonia was explored showing that the concentration of ammonia near the source increased with the increase of pressure, while the dispersion of ammonia far from the source is mainly influenced by wind field. Last but not the least, the dangerous area completely covers the obstacle region according to the harmful concentration, but the lethal concentration range and explosion range both only existed near the release source. Correspondingly, the concentration of ammonia in the region far from the symmetric plane can be regarded as a safe area. When the accident happens, one should stay away from the release source and evacuate towards the sides in a timely manner. We hope that this work can provide an effective method in predicting the impact of ammonia dispersion and can arouse concerns over the public safety.     

危化品泄漏围堵材料理化性能及燃烧行为研究

针对易燃液体泄漏围堵问题,开发了1种可快速发泡的酚醛泡沫材料,对其表观密度、耐水性、耐酸性、耐碱性、氧指数、燃烧行为及产烟成分进行系统研究。研究结果表明:发泡材料在中性和酸性液体环境中表现出良好的耐受性;在碱性环境中稳定性降低,由于共轭效应,导致分子中的H+遇碱性环境发生中和反应;发泡材料的氧指数和锥形量热测试参数（热释放速率、总热释放量及总生烟量等）表明该材料具有良好的耐火性;发泡原料中的含硫交联剂是其燃烧产烟生成较高浓度SO2的主要原因。