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381.
The potential to capture carbon from industrial sources and dispose of it for the long-term, known as carbon capture and sequestration (CCS), is widely recognized as an important option to reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide emissions. Specifically, CCS has the potential to provide emissions cuts sufficient to stabilize greenhouse gas levels, while still allowing for the continued use of fossil fuels. In addition, CCS is both technologically-feasible and commercially viable compared with alternatives with the same emissions profile. Although the concept appears to be solid from a technical perspective, initial public perceptions of the technology are uncertain. Moreover, little attention has been paid to developing an understanding of the social and political institutional infrastructure necessary to implement CCS projects. In this paper we explore a particularly dicey issue--how to ensure adequate long-term monitoring and maintenance of the carbon sequestration sites. Bonding mechanisms have been suggested as a potential mechanism to reduce these problems (where bonding refers to financial instruments used to ensure regulatory or contractual commitments). Such mechanisms have been successfully applied in a number of settings (e.g., to ensure court appearances, completion of construction projects, and payment of taxes). The paper examines the use of bonding to address environmental problems and looks at its possible application to nascent CCS projects. We also present evidence on the use of bonding for other projects involving deep underground injection of materials for the purpose of long-term storage or disposal. 相似文献
382.
383.
重气泄漏扩散事故后果评估系统研究 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
分析重气扩散过程和影响因素,对目前主要应用的唯象模型、箱及相似模型、三维流体力学模型、浅层模型等4类模型进行比较分析并介绍基于浅层模型发展而来的SLAB模型。根据重气浓度划分致死区、重伤区、轻伤区和吸入反应区等4个等级的事故后果评估区域。以Visual Basic和Fortran为开发工具,通过TECPLOT进行图形可视化输出,建立基于SLAB模型的重气泄漏扩散事故后果评估系统和重气理化参数信息库。该系统通过重气理化参数和重气泄漏的初始状态和气象条件,以可视化方式直观表现不同等级的事故后果评估区域。 相似文献
384.
平板模型对液化石油气连续泄漏扩散模拟分析与探讨 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
对目前主要的气体泄漏扩散模拟计算模型进行比较分析,选择平板模型用于液化石油气连续泄漏扩散模拟计算,运用假设中型和大型泄漏的计算实例结果,通过与挪威船级社(DNV)开发的SAFETI风险评价软件的计算结果进行对比分析,可以得出:在静风条件下,平板模型对液化石油气连续泄漏扩散模拟的准确性高。随着云团扩散密度降低,平板模型计算偏差逐步加大,且计算偏差随风速的增大而变大,因而利用平板模型进行模拟计算的结果应予修正。 相似文献
385.
Charcoal versus LPG grilling: A carbon-footprint comparison 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Undoubtedly, grilling is popular. Britons fire up their barbeques some 60 million times a year, consuming many thousands of tonnes of fuel. In milder climates consumption is even higher, and in the developing world, charcoal continues to be an essential cooking fuel. So it is worth comparing the carbon footprints of the two major grill types, charcoal and LPG, and that was the purpose of the study this paper documents. Charcoal and LPG grill systems were defined, and their carbon footprints were calculated for a base case and for some plausible variations to that base case. In the base case, the charcoal grilling footprint of 998 kg CO2e is almost three times as large as that for LPG grilling, 349 kg CO2e. The relationship is robust under all plausible sensitivities. The overwhelming factors are that as a fuel, LPG is dramatically more efficient than charcoal in its production and considerably more efficient in cooking. Secondary factors are: use of firelighters, which LPG does not need; LPG's use of a heavier, more complicated grill; and LPG's use of cylinders that charcoal does not need. 相似文献
386.
本文从技术角度阐述了安全使用家用电器防触电的类型,提出了家用电器防止触电避免安全事故发生的具体技术措施。 相似文献
387.
风险严重度指数法在毒气泄漏评价中的应用 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
为评价某区域或某设备潜在的毒气泄漏事故场景的风险水平,以对不同的风险等级进行风险控制和安全规划,详细介绍了工业事故风险评估方法ARAMIS所采用的风险严重度指数法.首先基于事故频率和后果的风险矩阵选取毒气泄漏事故场景;然后运用毒气当量浓度计算任意暴露时间下不同风险严重度等级所对应的特征距离,并根据同一风险等级内风险严重度指数与距离的线性关系计算任意点的风险严重度指数;最后应用1个实例分析了考虑所研究区域的风向概率后对风险严重度指数的真实影响,便于工厂或企业识别不同的风险等级,进行不同场景下风险水平的对比性研究,为其安全设计及风险分析提供了一种新的评估方法. 相似文献
388.
针对化学品泄漏事故的现场应对处置,对目前比较通用的CSTI应变程序和HAZMAT应变程序进行了详细论述,结合我国化学品应急管理的现状,提出我国化学品泄漏事故现场应变程序,应变程序包括泄漏物辨识、划分管制区域、人员疏散、成立现场指挥部、后果分析和现场监测、制定现场行动方案并组织实施、善后处理和文档记录。 相似文献
389.
Forestry-based carbon sequestration projects in Africa: Potential benefits and challenges 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Carbon sequestration through forestry and agroforestry can help mitigate global warming. For Africa, carbon sequestration also represents an opportunity to fund sustainable development through financial inflows. However, with a low share of global carbon trade, there are strong concerns that African countries are losing out on this valuable opportunity. Through a comprehensive review of 23 carbon sequestration projects across 14 countries, this paper discusses ways to overcome critical challenges to scale up carbon investments in Africa. These projects are expected to sequester 26.85 million tCO2 beyond the baseline situation. Within the continent, East Africa is the preferred destination for carbon investors. Most projects are non‐Kyoto compliant and represent voluntary emission reductions. While project benefits such as increased local incomes and improved natural resources are promising, there are concerns that conversion of grasslands into tree plantations can harm local ecosystems. Insecure land tenure constrains new investments and increases the risk that local communities will lose access to forests. Another challenge is that projects with smallholders have high transaction costs. These costs can be overcome by building strong community institutions and simplifying project guidelines. To attract more projects, African governments will need to build their capacity to identify relevant opportunities. 相似文献
390.
二氧化碳捕获和存储作为清洁发展机制项目的潜力与障碍分析 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
本文目的在于讨论和分析二氧化碳捕获和储存技术项目(CCS)作为清洁发展机制(CDM)项目的障碍和机遇。CCS被视为减少CO2人为排放量的选择方案之一,但在发展中国家,该技术面临着政策、成本和技术上的挑战。对这些国家而言,CDM几乎是发展CCS的唯一动机。本文分析了CCS作为CDM项目面临的项目边界、持久性、渗漏和可持续发展性的问题,并展望了未来的发展趋势。 相似文献