Carbon Molecular Sieving Membranes Derived from Lignin-Based Materials

Carbon molecular sieving membranes were prepared by pyrolysis of lignocresol derived from lignin by the phase-separation method. Lignocresol membranes formed by a dip process on a porous -alumina tubing were carbonized at 400–800°C under nitrogen atmosphere. The thickness of the membrane formed on the outer surface of the substrate was about 400 nm judging from SEM observation. Gas-evolving behavior of lignocresol was measured using thermogravimetry-mass spectrometry (TG-MS). The gaseous products evolved from lignocresol included a number of fragments with higher molecular weights; whereas those from phenolic resin are mainly due to phenol and methylphenol. These evolved pyrolysis fragments effectively contribute to micropore formation of carbonized lignocresol membranes. Gas permeation rates through the membrane decreased in the order of increasing kinetic molecular diameter of the penetrant gas, and the membrane behaved like a molecular sieve. The permeation properties were dependent on heating conditions, and a pyrolysis temperature of 600°C gave the best membrane performance. Gas selectivities of the membrane prepared at 600°C were 50, 8, 290, and 87 for CO₂/N₂, O₂/N₂, H₂/CH₄, and CO₂/CH₄ at 35°C, respectively.     

Modeling of the long-term tropospheric trends of hydroxyl radical for the Northern Hemisphere

The MGO 2D (altitude–longitude) channel photochemical transport model has been applied to elucidate the spatial and temporal behavior of the hydroxyl radical in the troposphere of the northern temperate belt for the pre-industrial (1850) period and the last few decades (1960 and 1995). The relation between the tropospheric OH content and the carbon monoxide, methane, nitrogen oxides emissions during 1850–1995 is studied. The distribution of the carbon monoxide concentration is calculated and validated using the observational data collected in the different locations because of the geographical non-homogeneity of its emissions. The response of the hydroxyl radical concentrations to the non-homogeneity of the CO and other atmospheric species distribution is estimated. The carbon monoxide and methane contributions to the hydroxyl photochemical sink are also evaluated. Because the changes of OH in the troposphere alternate the intensity of methane and carbon monoxide oxidation, the CO, CH₄ and OH lifetime evolution due to the increase of anthropogenic pollution intensity is analyzed and discussed.     

Carbon materials-catalyzed hydroliquefaction of flame-retardant plastics in organic solvents

Flame-retardant plastics, such as desktop and laptop personal computer bodies, could be completely liquefied by carbon materials-catalyzed hydroliquefaction in tetralin without using H₂ as a hydrogen source. Active carbons with larger surface areas (1450–3450 m²/g) acted as superior catalysts in transferring tetralin hydrogens to plastics. On the other hand, carbon blacks and fullerene-rich soot were less active catalysts. Graphite and mesocarbon microbeads did not show any catalytic effects. Benzene, toluene, and ethylbenzene were obtained as recyclable hydrocarbons; their total amounts varied from 4 wt% to 12 wt% depending on the types of plastics and the carbon materials used. Organic bromides such as polybromodioxins were not contained in the gases and oils of the product. Received: July 19, 2000 / Accepted: September 17, 2000     

微环境新风量的检测原理及方法研究

新风量是评价室内微环境空气卫生质量的主要卫生指标之一,也是计算室内某种气体单位时间排放量的重要参数。以CO2作为示踪气体,利用于冰升华和人体呼吸产生CO2示踪气体两种测量方法对室内和车内微环境进行了检测,并考虑室内人呼出CO2量的影响,运用箱子模式的各种推导公式（稳态法、解析解法和差分法）对新风量进行了计算,并对结果进行了讨论。结果表明,没有人存在下,用箱子模式的解析解法和差分法计算的新风量值没有明显的统计差异;微环境内有人时必须考虑人释放的影响,这样箱子模式的各种推导公式都可以计算新风量值,且结果准确,准确度高。利用人体呼吸产生CO2示踪气体法,用差分法计算结果不理想,偏差很大;用稳态法计算重现性高,结果可靠。     

添加乙醇碳源对驯化菌种降解油制气废水的影响

进行了添加乙醇作为碳源强化油制气废水生物降解的研究,并利用GC／MS分析对油制气废水中芳烃类化合物的降解进行了初步研究。研究表明,共代谢基质乙醇的加入,可使菌种S-2、Y-3、XH-3、M-3对COD、氨氮、可萃取有机物等指标的去除率分别提高17．6％～25．6％、34．9％～42．8％、10．4％～14．2％;但在所采用的时间范围内,酚类化合物的去除率降低;芳烃类化合物的去除率提高15．4％～21．2％。除了维持无共代谢条件下对芳环数≤3的芳烃类化合物的良好降解能力外,对芳环数为4～6的化合物降解能力也有所提高。     

Composting,anaerobic digestion and biochar production in Ghana. Environmental–economic assessment in the context of voluntary carbon markets

In some areas of Sub-Saharan Africa appropriate organic waste management technology could address development issues such as soil degradation, unemployment and energy scarcity, while at the same time reducing emissions of greenhouse gases. This paper investigates the role that carbon markets could have in facilitating the implementation of composting, anaerobic digestion and biochar production, in the city of Tamale, in the North of Ghana. Through a life cycle assessment of implementation scenarios for low-tech, small scale variants of the above mentioned three technologies, the potential contribution they could give to climate change mitigation was assessed. Furthermore an economic assessment was carried out to study their viability and the impact thereon of accessing carbon markets. It was found that substantial climate benefits can be achieved by avoiding landfilling of organic waste, producing electricity and substituting the use of chemical fertilizer. Biochar production could result in a net carbon sequestration. These technologies were however found not to be economically viable without external subsidies, and access to carbon markets at the considered carbon price of 7 EUR/ton of carbon would not change the situation significantly. Carbon markets could help the realization of the considered composting and anaerobic digestion systems only if the carbon price will rise above 75–84 EUR/t of carbon (respectively for anaerobic digestion and composting). Biochar production could achieve large climate benefits and, if approved as a land based climate mitigation mechanism in carbon markets, it would become economically viable at the lower carbon price of 30 EUR/t of carbon.     

核电厂凝结水精处理后置过滤器设置必要性分析

核电厂尤其是AP1000核电厂对二回路水质中的SO2-4控制非常严格,而精处理系统破碎树脂泄漏到二回路中高温分解是引起二回路SO2-4超标的一个重要原因。为了减少破碎树脂泄漏量,提出在精处理系统的混床后设置后置过滤器,并对后置过滤器设置的必要性进行了分析,为核电厂精处理系统的设计提供参考。     

化工码头罐区泄漏事故风险的模糊评价

泄漏是化工过程中很重要的风险事故,危险化学品的泄漏容易发生中毒或转化为火灾爆炸事故。将模糊综合评价模型应用于化工码头罐区的泄漏事故风险评价中,对重大危险源泄漏引起中毒的严重度进行排序,有助于确定安全管理工作的重心。     

SH-A工艺处理煤焦油加工废水的研究

采用"SH-A节能型强化生物脱氮除碳工艺"进行煤焦油加工废水处理的研究,讨论了各个处理环节的运行情况和处理效果。经该工艺对煤焦油加工废水进行处理后,COD、NH-N和矿物油的去除率均可达到98%,色Cr 3度和酚的去除率均可达到99%,氰的去除率可达到95%,各项指标均可达到国家《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978-1996)一级。     

基于静态压降法量化表征某型贮箱气密性方法研究

目的 弥补运载火箭靶场测试中仅采用静态压降法定性判定贮箱气密性的不足,进一步提高贮箱气检结果的可信度。方法 提出基于静态压降法量化表征某型贮箱气密性的方法。首先,依据气体理想状态方程,得出基于静态压降法表征贮箱气密性的量化方法,并对计算结果进行验证。其次,综合考虑箱压变化、温度、大气压力、稳压时间和测量时间等影响因素,对上述量化方法进行修正,得到基于静态压降法表征某型贮箱气密性改进型量化计算方法。结果 改进后的计算方法精度更高。在此基础上,通过对限制改进型量化计算方法精度的影响因素进行分析,提出了进一步提高改进型量化计算方法精度的优化措施。结论 提出的基于静态压降法量化表征某型贮箱气密性方法可行,能够为后续更好开展靶场气检工作提供有力支撑。