密闭空间燃气泄漏爆炸危险区域迁移规律

为了给室内燃气泄漏爆炸事故的预防和事故后果评价提供理论依据,借助计算流体力学技术,对密闭空间内燃气泄漏扩散的非稳态流场进行了数值模拟,着重考察了燃气爆炸危险区域随时间和空间的分布特征。研究结果表明,在泄漏初始阶段,爆炸危险区域位于泄漏源上部。随着泄漏和扩散的持续发展,爆炸危险区域整体下移,最终迁移至地面附近。爆炸危险区域范围随时间由小变大,再由大变小。爆炸危险区域在房间下部的持续时间明显长于房间中上部。     

盐酸罐体车洒漏原因确定分析

盐酸异地运送多采用碳钢外壳、内衬防腐层的罐体车。根据罐体车内部衬里断裂,外壳底部洒漏盐酸的事实,分析了其内部衬里断裂的各种可能原因。通过聚乙烯(PE)加工冷却收缩、受温度影响收缩等理论计算及内应力实验检测,并经综合分析,确定了罐体盐酸洒漏的原因。由于罐体较长,加工中未对聚乙烯熔体冷凝时产生的内应力进行有效消除,外加使用时温度因素,内衬与外壳分离,并且间隙过大,车体行进中,内衬承受不了强劲的液体盐酸冲击而断裂,盐酸从衬里裂缝进入夹层中,腐蚀碳钢外壳,导致盐酸洒漏。     

重大毒气泄漏事故应急预警通知接收端优化与实现

从毒气泄漏事故预防和应急处置的国内外现状分析出发,指出了目前我国预警通知方法的不足及发展趋势。论述了毒气泄漏事故中安全疏散的时间构成以及预警通知接收端低功耗模式的种类,从提高预警通知系统响应时间的角度分析了不同的低功耗方案的优劣,并给出了实现方法和适用的条件,不仅实现了不同使用条件下的最佳低功耗模式,还保证了系统有较好的实时响应速度。响应时间的优化有利于提高系统报警通知的效能,在保证较好响应时间的前提下应用低功耗模式则有利于降低成本,同时提高受灾群众安装该预警系统的积极性性,对于报警器在不同地区的推广具有指导意义,从而为对系统的优化与改进提供依据。     

悬浮法氯乙烯聚合工艺的风险分析及安全技术

悬浮法聚合氯乙烯生产过程的主要风险是氯乙烯的"暴聚"事故和氯乙烯泄漏事故.聚合反应散热不足,温度过高导致"暴聚"事故.易燃易爆有毒的氯乙烯泄漏可能引发氯乙烯蒸汽云爆炸和火球(BLEVE)事故.以某PVC化工厂氯乙烯聚合釜生产为例,定量计算氯乙烯小孔泄漏量、蒸汽云及BLEVE火球的事故伤害与破坏后果.提出避免导致"暴聚"事故3种安全技术措施:良好的聚合釜反应散热降温;足够的搅拌强度和防止"粘釜"等.防止引发氯乙烯泄漏的3种途径为反应釜轴封、超压泄压时跑料和压力容器及管道的防泄漏技术.     

Foliage profiles of individual trees determine competition,self-thinning,biomass and NPP of a Cryptomeria japonica forest stand: A simulation study based on a stand-scale process-based forest model

A simulation study was carried out to investigate simultaneously the effects of eco-physiological parameters on competitive asymmetry, self-thinning, stand biomass and NPP in a temperate forest using an atmosphere–vegetation dynamics interactive model (MINoSGI). In this study, we selected three eco-physiological relevant parameters as foliage profiles (i.e. vertical distribution of leaf area density) of individual trees (distribution pattern is described by the parameter η), biomass allocation pattern in individual tree growth (χ) and the maximum carboxylation velocity (V_max). The position of the maximal leaf area density shifts upward in the canopy with increasing η. For scenarios with η < 4 (foliage concentrated in the lowest canopy layer) or η > 12 (foliage concentrated in the uppermost canopy layer), a low degree of competitive asymmetry was produced. These scenarios resulted in the survival of subordinate trees due to a brighter lower canopy environment when η < 4 or the generation of spatially separated foliage profiles between dominant and subordinate trees when η > 12. In contrast, competition between trees was most asymmetric when 4 ≤ η ≤ 12 (vertically widespread foliage profile in the canopy), especially when η = 8. In such cases, vertically widespread foliage of dominant trees lowered the opportunity of light acquisition for subordinate trees and reduced their carbon gain. The resulting reduction in carbon gain of subordinate trees yielded a higher degree of competitive asymmetry and ultimately higher mortality of subordinate trees. It was also shown that 4 ≤ η ≤ 12 generated higher self-thinning speed, smaller accumulated NPP, litter-fall and potential stand biomass as compared with the scenarios with η < 4 or η > 12. In contrast, our simulation revealed small effects of χ or V_max on the above-mentioned variables as compared with those of η. In particular, it is notable that greater V_max would not produce greater potential stand biomass and accumulated NPP although it has been thought that physiological parameters relevant to photosynthesis such as V_max influence dynamic changes in forest stand biomass and NPP (e.g. the greater the V_max, the greater the NPP). Overall, it is suggested that foliage profiles rather than biomass allocation or maximum carboxylation velocity greatly govern forest dynamics, stand biomass, NPP and litter-fall.     

天然气管道泄漏爆炸实验分析

天然气管道失效造成泄漏爆炸给周围人员带来非常严重的危害,对其危害范围的研究对输气管道设计和运行具有重要的意义。常见的天然气管道泄漏爆炸伤害半径计算方法有蒸气云爆炸(VCE)定量评价模型、TNO多能法评价模型、API pub 581定量后果评价模型和炸药爆炸经验公式。为验证不同评价模型在受限空间的预测效果,利用天然气爆炸试验台进行了受限空间爆炸实验,得到最大压强与距离经验关系,计算出天然气浓度为7%、9%和11%情况下爆炸死亡半径。计算结果与不同经验模型预测结果比较,表明当天然气浓度为7%~11%时,蒸气云爆炸(VCE)定量评价模型和炸药爆炸经验模型与实验结果最为接近,误差分别为-113%和189%,TNO多能法评价模型和API pub 581定量后果评价模型预测结果偏小。结论对有限空间天然气管道爆炸研究具有实际意义。     

Does the EU ETS cause carbon leakage in European manufacturing?

Carbon leakage is of interest in both academic and policy debates about the effectiveness of unilateral climate policy, especially in Europe, where the EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) affects many traded sectors. We review how the literature identifies leakage and the pollution haven effect. We then evaluate whether EU ETS emission costs caused carbon leakage in European manufacturing, using trade flows in embodied carbon and value from the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP). We find no evidence that the EU ETS caused carbon leakage.     

Non-cooperative and cooperative climate policies with anticipated breakthrough technology

Global warming can be curbed by pricing carbon emissions and thus substituting fossil fuel with renewable energy consumption. Breakthrough technologies (e.g., fusion energy) can reduce the cost of such policies. However, the chance of such a technology coming to market depends on investment. We model breakthroughs as an irreversible tipping point in a multi-country world, with different degrees of international cooperation. We show that international spill-over effects of R&D in carbon-free technologies lead to double free-riding, strategic over-pollution and underinvestment in green R&D, thus making climate change mitigation more difficult. We also show how the demand structure determines whether carbon pricing and R&D policies are substitutes or complements.     

Carbon taxation,OPEC and the end of oil

I develop a differential game between an oil cartel and an importer investing in research and development (R&D) to reduce the cost of a green substitute to oil. In equilibrium, the cartel is forced to deter the substitute, which thus imposes a price ceiling falling over time. Credible carbon taxes are below the Pigovian level, implying the importer cannot internalise the full pollution externality, much less capture resource rents. Without carbon pricing, the importer curtails long-run pollution using a costly R&D programme. Normatively, climate policy will be more expensive if relying on green R&D programmes only.     

漏电断路器的安装与使用

提出断路器存在的问题,分析了原因并提出一些改进方法。