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511.
Here we synthesize key findings from a series of experiments to gain new insight on inter-plant competition between juvenile beech (Fagus sylvatica) and spruce (Picea abies) under the influence of increased O3 and CO2 concentrations. Competitiveness of plants was quantified and mechanistically interpreted as space-related resource investments and gains. Stable isotopes were addressed as temporal integrators of plant performance, such as photosynthesis and its relation to water use and nitrogen uptake. In the weaker competitor, beech, efficiency in space-related aboveground resource investment was decreased in competition with spruce and positively related to Δ13C, as well as stomatal conductance, but negatively related to δ18O. Likewise, our synthesis revealed that strong belowground competition for water in spruce was paralleled in this species by high N assimilation capacity. We suggest combining the time-integrative potential of stable isotopes with space-related investigations of competitiveness to accomplish mechanistic understanding of plant competition for resources. 相似文献
512.
E. Paoletti M. Schaub G. Wieser A.M. Bastrup-Birk M.S. Günthardt-Goerg Y. Serengil 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2010,158(6):1986-1639
Over the past 20 years, the focus of forest science on air pollution has moved from forest decline to a holistic framework of forest health, and from the effects on forest production to the ecosystem services provided by forest ecosystems. Hence, future research should focus on the interacting factorial impacts and resulting antagonistic and synergistic responses of forest trees and ecosystems. The synergistic effects of air pollution and climatic changes, in particular elevated ozone, altered nitrogen, carbon and water availability, must be key issues for research. Present evidence suggests air pollution will become increasingly harmful to forests under climate change, which requires integration amongst various stressors (abiotic and biotic factors, including competition, parasites and fire), effects on forest services (production, biodiversity protection, soil protection, sustained water balance, socio-economical relevance) and assessment approaches (research, monitoring, modeling) to be fostered. 相似文献
513.
介绍了我国在90年代末从德国引进的湿法脱硫系统中烟道非金属补偿器的选材、选型和安装的特点,总结非金属补偿器安全、可靠运行的经验。结合我国电站脱硫项目中发现的非金属补偿器腐蚀、渗漏及不安全隐患等案例,指出了非金属补偿器在选材、选型和安装方面存在的问题。 相似文献
514.
长江经济带碳排放现状及未来碳减排 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
长江经济带是我国"三大支撑带"之一,其碳减排目标实现对我国生态文明建设具有重要意义。采用2005~2013年长江经济带(含9省2市)的能源消耗与经济社会数据,通过数理统计,得出各地历年碳排放量、人均碳排放、能源强度、产业结构多元水平的具体数值及变化率,结合运用弹性计算和矩阵分类法,发现长江经济带碳排放存在空间与结构差异。研究结果显示:(1)长江经济带碳排放及增长率、人均碳排放及增长率、能源强度都高于全国平均水平,能源强度下降率低于全国平均水平;把长江经济带分为东中西三段区域,碳排放总量、人均碳排放及能源强度下降率梯度下降,碳排放增长率、人均碳排放增长率、能源强度梯度上升。(2)工业化开始越早、重工业化主导向生产性服务业主导转变越快、越充分地区,经济低碳化水平越高;通过提升产业结构多元化速度有利于碳减排。(3)长江经济带各地实现碳减排措施应有不同,东段地区应着重降低人均碳排放,中西段地区应着重于降低能源强度。(4)未来碳减排应兼顾公平与效率,各地区碳减排目标分配应结合各地支付能力、碳汇能力、生产效率、能源结构等因素来安排。 相似文献
515.
This work focuses on the influence of humic acids (HAs) on the fate of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in aqueous media. This influence was demonstrated by mixing CNT powder with HAs in aqueous solution in varying concentrations. The aqueous media containing HAs and CNTs were size-characterized by asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (AsFlFFF) coupled with multi-angle light scattering (MALS). This coupling yielded information concerning the size distribution of single- and multi-walled CNTs (SWCNTs and MWCNTs) and HAs under different physico-chemical conditions that can occur in environmental water. HAs can disperse individual CNTs in aqueous media. However, the difference in the physical structure between SWCNTs and MWCNTs leads to significant differences in the quantity of HA that can adsorb onto the nanotube surface and in the stability of the CNT/HA complex. Compared with MWCNTs, SWCNTs suspended in HAs are less affected by changing ionic strength with respect to stability and the amount suspended. 相似文献
516.
The concept of CO2 chemo-absorption by sodium hydroxide in a wet scrubber followed by microalgae cultivation was used as a means to reduce the major greenhouse gas. A thermophilic and alkaline tolerable cyanobacterium named Thermosynechococcus CL-1 (TCL-1) was cultivated in continuous system, with a carbonate-bicarbonate buffer as carbon source. The effects of dissolved inorganic carbon (DICin) and nutrient levels in influent on cell mass productivity, DIC removal efficiency, and alkaline solution regeneration by TCL-1 were investigated. The results show the highest cell mass productivity reaches 1.7 g L−1 d−1 under the highest DIC and nutrients level. Conversely, the best regeneration of alkaline solution proceeds from pH 9.5 to 11.3 under the lowest level. In addition, the highest ΔDIC (DIC consumption) and DIC removal efficiency are 42 mM and 43% at 113.2 and 57 mM DICin, respectively. 相似文献
517.
518.
Russell LM Rasch PJ Mace GM Jackson RB Shepherd J Liss P Leinen M Schimel D Vaughan NE Janetos AC Boyd PW Norby RJ Caldeira K Merikanto J Artaxo P Melillo J Morgan MG 《Ambio》2012,41(4):350-369
Geoengineering methods are intended to reduce climate change, which is already having demonstrable effects on ecosystem structure and functioning in some regions. Two types of geoengineering activities that have been proposed are: carbon dioxide (CO(2)) removal (CDR), which removes CO(2) from the atmosphere, and solar radiation management (SRM, or sunlight reflection methods), which reflects a small percentage of sunlight back into space to offset warming from greenhouse gases (GHGs). Current research suggests that SRM or CDR might diminish the impacts of climate change on ecosystems by reducing changes in temperature and precipitation. However, sudden cessation of SRM would exacerbate the climate effects on ecosystems, and some CDR might interfere with oceanic and terrestrial ecosystem processes. The many risks and uncertainties associated with these new kinds of purposeful perturbations to the Earth system are not well understood and require cautious and comprehensive research. 相似文献
519.
Selective redox degradation of chlorinated aliphatic compounds by Fenton reaction in pyrite suspension 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Selective redox degradation of chlorinated aliphatics by Fenton reaction in pyrite suspension was investigated in a closed system. Carbon tetrachloride (CT) was used as a representative target of perchlorinated alkanes and trichloroethylene (TCE) was used as one of highly chlorinated alkenes. Degradation of CT in Fenton reaction was significantly enhanced by pyrite used as an iron source instead of soluble Fe. Pyrite Fenton showed 93% of CT removal in 140 min, while Fenton reaction with soluble Fe(II) showed 52% and that with Fe(III) 15%. Addition of 2-propanol to the pyrite Fenton system significantly inhibited degradation of TCE (99% to 44% of TCE removal), while degradation of CT was slightly improved by the 2-propanol addition (80-91% of CT removal). The result suggests that, unlike oxidative degradation of TCE by hydroxyl radical in pyrite Fenton system, an oxidation by the hydroxyl radical is not a main degradation mechanism for the degradation of CT in pyrite Fenton system but a reductive dechlorination by superoxide can rather be the one for the CT degradation. The degradation kinetics of CT in the pyrite Fenton system was decelerated (0.13-0.03 min−1), as initial suspension pH decreased from 3 to 2. The formation of superoxide during the CT degradation in the pyrite Fenton system was observed by electron spin resonance spectroscopy. The formation at initial pH 3 was greater than that at initial pH 2, which supported that superoxide was a main reductant for degradation of CT in the pyrite Fenton system. 相似文献
520.
Górka M Sauer PE Lewicka-Szczebak D Jędrysek MO 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2011,159(1):294-301
This paper describes results of chemical and isotopic analysis of inorganic carbon species in the atmosphere and precipitation for the calendar year 2008 in Wroc?aw (SW Poland). Atmospheric air samples (collected weekly) and rainwater samples (collected after rain episodes) were analysed for CO2 and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentrations and for δ13C composition. The values obtained varied in the ranges: atmospheric CO2: 337-448 ppm; δ13CCO2 from −14.4 to −8.4‰; DIC in precipitation: 0.6-5.5 mg dm−3; δ13CDIC from −22.2 to +0.2‰. No statistical correlation was observed between the concentration and δ13C value of atmospheric CO2 and DIC in precipitation. These observations contradict the commonly held assumption that atmospheric CO2 controls the DIC in precipitation. We infer that DIC is generated in ambient air temperatures, but from other sources than the measured atmospheric CO2. The calculated isotopic composition of a hypothetical CO2 source for DIC forming ranges from −31.4 to −11.0‰, showing significant seasonal variations accordingly to changing anthropogenic impact and atmospheric mixing processes. 相似文献