环境风险评价中泄漏类重大事故的筛选研究

提出了采用"风险排序,以平均风险指数为尺度"来筛选项目中泄漏类重大事故的方法。该方法是对工业事故风险评估方法(ARAMIS)采用的风险严重度指数法的修正和应用范围的推广。借助已有事故发生的概率统计值,对所引概率进行修正,用Risk System预测得到的半致死浓度范围表征事故的后果。基于概率与后果提出风险指数概念,对各事故风险排序;以平均风险指数为尺度筛选出重大事故。采用该方法对某化工项目环境风险评价中重大事故进行了筛选,此方法与修正前的方法计算的结果一致。方法简单易行,为定量确定单个项目中泄漏类重大事故提供了依据。     

Strategic climate policy with offsets and incomplete abatement: Carbon taxes versus cap-and-trade

This paper provides a first analysis of a “policy bloc” of fossil fuel importers which implements an optimal climate policy, faces a (non-policy) fringe of other fuel importers, and an exporter bloc, and purchases offset from the fringe. We compare a carbon tax and a cap-and-trade scheme for the policy bloc, in either case accompanied by an efficient offset mechanism for reducing emissions in the fringe. The policy bloc is shown to prefer a tax over a cap, since only a tax reduces the fuel export price and by more when the policy bloc is larger. Offsets are also more favorable to the policy bloc under a tax than under a cap. The optimal offset price under a carbon tax is below the tax rate, while under a cap and free quota trading the offset price must equal the quota price. The domestic carbon and offset prices are both higher under a tax than under a cap when the policy bloc is small. When the policy bloc is larger, the offset price can be higher under a cap. Fringe countries gain by mitigation in the policy bloc, more under a carbon tax since the fuel import price is lower.     

Organic matter composition in sediments of the Oman Margin

The quantity and biochemical composition of organic matter (OM) in the sediments underlying and below oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) in the Arabian Sea were studied to provide information on the diagenetic processes of organic carbon under different environmental conditions. Concentrations of total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN) and total hydrolysable amino acids (THAA) were significantly higher in sediments within rather than below OMZ, while those of total carbohydrates (TCHO) were slightly lower in the latter, suggesting the presence of a larger supply of labile compounds into the sea bottom at the shallower site (i.e. within OMZ). Hydrolysable amino acid and carbohydrate contribution to TOC were even lower (about 10% in surficial sediments) than the values obtained from the abyssal oligotrophic North Pacific, suggesting that OM food availability in the Oman Margin sediments within OMZ was lower than that observed at abyssal depths. The presence of the highest THAA and TCHO concentrations in the top 40?mm of the sediment core at both sites reflected the presence of bioturbation processes. In contrast with the general view of the deep sea as a stable and constant system, below OMZ in the Arabian Sea sediments, some differences were observed in the two investigated cores indicating the presence of a certain spatial variability in OM content and diagenesis.     

城市天然气管道泄漏数值模拟

针对城市天然气管道和城市周围环境的特点,进行了城市管道天然气泄漏事故动态数值模拟,得到了天然气泄漏5,10,15,20 s时甲烷浓度分布图和安全区域图,结果显示城市天然气管道泄漏的规律不同于在平坦地势的泄漏规律,模拟结果可以为城市管道设计和事故求援提供指导依据。     

室内天然气泄漏扩散数值模拟及试验验证

为研究厨房内泄漏天然气的浓度分布及其变化规律进而分析评价其危险性,通过Gambit软件建立一个典型的住宅厨房几何模型,采用Fluent软件模拟灶具软管脱落导致天然气泄漏时,在厨房门不同开度状态下厨房内天然气浓度场及可燃区域分布。模拟结果表明:门开度越大,室内可燃区域体积越小,天然气浓度分布趋于稳定的时间越短,稳定时天然气浓度越低,厨房内出现较大可燃体积所需的泄漏时间越长;当门全开时,厨房内不会出现可爆空间。搭建一个小尺寸的厨房实物进行泄漏试验,同时进行天然气浓度的实测和Fluent模拟,模拟结果与实测结果基本吻合,从而验证Fluent模拟的有效性。     

基于试验与数值模拟的采空区氧化带漏风量的反演计算

以六家矿WⅡN16-7综放工作面为试验地点,研究采空区氧化带漏风情况。根据采空区自燃"三带"划分标准和防火注氮技术原理,通过现场实测、数值模拟、实验室试验确定注氮防火基本参数。首先,利用热重试验方法确定采空区惰化防火指标。根据惰化防火指标,通过现场实测和数值模拟的方法分别确定采空区在注氮和不注氮情况下自燃"三带"分布。然后,根据自燃"三带"分布范围,构建氧含量分布数学模型,计算出采空区氧化带混合气体中氧含量的平均值。最后,基于以上参数,通过反演计算得到采空区氧化带漏风量。计算结果表明,采空区氧化带内漏风量为15.12 m3/min,约占总供风量的2.1%。     

海底埋地热油管道泄漏扩散的数值模拟

采用有限容积法建立海底饱和含水淤泥多孔介质的流固耦合传热模型。利用FLUENT软件数值模拟了海底埋地输油管道输送过程中海泥温度场变化及原油在海泥中的分布规律。分析了原油泄漏后在海水中的分布规律。对泄漏后海泥温度场的模拟表明:管道泄漏后,一定时间内管道周围海泥温度波动比较剧烈,由于受海底温度的影响,泄漏前锋原油温降较快,热影响区范围变化逐渐趋于平稳。且随泄漏位置的不同,海泥温度场变化及海泥原油分布差异较大。当原油从海底海泥介质中到达海水底层后,在海水浮力的作用下流向海面,流动过程受到海水流动速度海平面风速等因素的影响。为以温度传输为基础的海底埋地管道泄漏检测提供了一定的理论基础。     

码头油品泄漏扩散事故危险危害评价

运用“泄漏扩散”模型对某码头油品泄漏扩散事故危险危害程度进行了评价,得到了爆炸危险区域和中毒危害区域的面积,为码头制定应急救援预案提供了依据.     

基于环境风险的危险废物填埋场安全寿命周期评价

通过系统分析危险填埋场的设计功能,结合安全寿命周期的定义,对危险废物填埋场的安全寿命周期进行了定义.在此基础上,通过文献查阅和理论推导确定了描述危险废物填埋场主要单元性能衰减的老化模型,并结合课题组开发的渗漏环境风险分析模型,建立了危险废物填埋场的安全寿命评估模型,并选择中部某危险废物填埋场进行了案例研究.结果表明:随着防渗材料老化以及导排层淤堵,渗滤液渗漏量将逐渐增加,其安全贮存功能将逐渐丧失,并逐渐达到其安全寿命周期.仅就本案例而言,该填埋场的安全寿命周期为385a;对安全寿命周期相关参数的敏感性分析表明,浸出浓度与填埋场安全寿命周期呈负相关,包气带厚度和含水层厚度与安全寿命周期呈正相关,相关系数分别为-0.79、0.99和0.72,这说明包气带厚度对安全寿命周期影响更大,其次为浸出浓度,最后为含水层厚度;应加强填埋场相关单元老化模型研究,开展其他因素对填埋场安全寿命周期的影响,进一步完善危险废物填埋场安全寿命周期评价理论和方法.     

Removal of a cationic bisbiguanide using Functionalized Activated Carbons (FACs)

Functionalized Granular Activated Carbons (FACs) are used as adsorbents for treating pharmaceutical wastewaters containing Chlorhexidine Gluconate. Chemical modifications of Granular Activated Carbons (GACs) using functionalizing agents like HCl and HF produce FACs. The adsorption capacity of each of FAC-HCl and FAC-HF is found to be higher than GAC. The modelled maximum adsorption capacity for FAC-HCl is 1.02 g/g of adsorbent, 3.49 g/g of adsorbent for FAC-HF and 0.0682 g/g of adsorbent for GAC. This is mainly due to the additional chemisorptions by surface complexation at the functionalized surface sites of the modified GACs. This is also supported by the well-known pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Formation of surface complexes with the functional groups and weakly polar Chlorhexidine Gluconate is well supported by the physical characterization using Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX), Brunner–Emmett–Teller (BET) test and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis after adsorption. The adsorption capacity of GAC and the FACs increases in the order of FAC-HF > FAC-HCl > GAC conforming to the proportion of the total acidity of the carbon surfaces. Intra-particle diffusion is not the sole rate-controlling factor. An agreement to pseudo-second-order kinetic model, Elovich kinetic model and Boyd's film diffusion model proves that chemisorption is the rate-controlling parameter in this adsorption study.