挥发性有机物混合暴露对小鼠脑组织的氧化损伤及学习记忆能力的影响

为探讨挥发性有机物混合急性暴露对小鼠脑组织氧化损伤及学习记忆能力的影响,选用雄性昆明种小鼠50只,随机分为对照组和4个染毒组。1到4号染毒组中甲醛、苯、甲苯和二甲苯浓度依次为:(1.0+1.1+2.0+2.0)、(3.0+3.3+6.0+6.0)、(5.0+5.5+10.0+10.0)、(10.0+11.0+20.0+20.0)mg·m~(-3)。各染毒组混合气体组分的浓度分别是我国室内空气质量标准(GB/T18883—2002)的10、30、50和100倍。结果显示,在Morris水迷宫实验第4天,2、3和4号染毒组小鼠的逃避潜伏期分别为(68.9±10.3)、(72.2±4.0)和(71.5±5.1)s,比对照组(48.5±10.1)s显著延长(P<0.05或P<0.01),但小鼠的脑体比和抓力在染毒期间没有明显变化。同时,随着染毒剂量的增加,小鼠脑组织中GSH含量显著降低,ROS和MDA含量显著升高。研究表明,挥发性有机物混合暴露可导致小鼠学习记忆能力降低,而脑组织氧化损伤可能是引起神经毒性,导致学习记忆能力降低的原因之一。     

Effects of design parameters on performance and cost analysis of combined ultraviolet-biofilter systems treating gaseous chlorobenzene based on mathematical modeling

A conceptual mathematical model was used to evaluate the design parameters of a combined ultraviolet (UV)-biofilter system, and perform a cost analysis. Results showed that the UV light source strength and the gas residence times in the UV system (UVRT) and biofilter (EBRT) had positive effects on the overall chlorobenzene removal efficiency of the system. High ratio of UVRT to EBRT improved the removal efficiency, suggesting that the UV system has a greater effect on the overall performance of the system compared with the biofilter. Analysis of the capital and operating costs showed that the capital costs of the standalone biofilter system were much higher than those of the standalone UV system. However, the biofilter operating costs were lower than those of the UV system. The operating costs of the combined UV-biofilter system increased with increasing UVRT/EBRT ratio, whereas its capital costs decreased.     

Indoor carbonyl compounds in an academic building in Beijing, China: concentrations and influencing factors

Carbonyl compounds in indoor air are of great concern for their adverse health effects. Between February and May, 2009, concentrations of 13 carbonyl compounds were measured in an academic building in Beijing, China. Total concentration of the detected carbonyls ranged from 20.7 to 189.1 μg·m^-3, and among them acetone and formaldehyde were the most abundant, with mean concentrations of 26.4 and 22.6 μg·m^-3, respectively. Average indoor concentrations of other carbonyls were below 10 μg·m^-3. Principal component analysis identified a combined effect of common indoor carbonyl sources and ventilation on indoor carbonyl levels. Diurnal variations of the carbonyl compounds were investigated in one office room, and carbonyl concentrations tended to be lower in the daytime than at night, due to enhanced ventilation. Average concentrations of carbonyl compounds in the office room were generally higher in early May than in late February, indicating the influence of temperature. Carbonyl source emission rates from both the room and human occupants were estimated during two lectures, based on one-compartment mass balance model. The influence of human occupants on indoor carbonyl concentrations varies with environmental conditions, and may become significant in the case of a large human occupancy.     

四川省天然源VOCs排放量的估算和时空分布

利用遥感影像解译的土地利用现状和植被资料,对四川省天然源VOCs的排放情况和时空分布进行研究,建立了四川省天然源VOCs的排放清单.2012年四川省天然源VOCs的排放量为1413.74kt.其中异戊二烯占29.4%,为415.53kt,单萜烯占30.2%,为427kt,其他VOCs占40.4%,为571.215kt.排放量具有夏季高冬季低的典型特征,夏季占全年排放量的44%,冬季占9%.天然源VOCs的排放主要集中在林地密集和日照时间长的达州、巴中、广元、绵阳、乐山、眉山、攀枝花等地.研究表明,四川省天然源臭氧潜势为6134kt, 二次气溶胶的生成潜势为136kt.这说明其对环境空气质量的影响不容忽视.     

Peregrine falcon egg pollutants

The role of the peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) as a bioindicator for the accumulation of organohalogen compounds and other persistent organic pollutants has been established in field studies. Biometric indices for damage caused by pollutants such as the shell thickness and the shell index were determined and the egg contents were analyzed for various pollutants by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. A wide range of chemically activated luciferase expression (CALUX®) bioassays were performed on subsamples of the eggs.

The following organohalogen compounds were found in the eggs of 2009: dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane, heptachlor epoxide, hexachlorobenzene, dieldrin, hexachlorocyclohexane, polychlorobiphenyls and polychlorodibenzodioxins and polychlorodibenzofurans, polybromodiphenyl ethers, hexabromocyclododecane, tetrabromobisphenyl A, perfluoro compounds, and mercury. The DDT metabolite, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethene (DDE) (11,800 ng/g dry matter), was found to be the most highly concentrated egg contaminant followed by 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl (3800 ng/g). After a past general drop in pollution level, most egg contaminants presently plateau at levels that may still exceed limit values in foods of animal origin (DDE) or even toxicological thresholds (polychlorobiphenyls + polychlorodibenzodioxins, polybromodiphenyl ethers, perfluorooctanesulfonate, methylmercury).

Accumulation of DDE could be shown in peregrine falcon eggs from the uplands of Southwest Germany with elevations up to 1500 m, presumably due to its global distribution and its cold condensation in higher altitudes. In contrast, the concentration of polychlorobiphenyls in falcon eggs decreases with elevation, indicating that these pollutants originate mainly from conurbations and local industrial sites.

Significant negative correlations were found between both shell index and thickness and the concentration of Hg. A deleterious effect is also evident from a no-observed-adverse-effect level of 120 ng MeHg per gram egg determined by other authors in chronic feeding studies with ibises, which resulted in decreased egg productivity and male homosexual nesting and courtship behavior. The average Hg concentration in the peregrine falcon eggs from 2009 is almost four times higher than this level. MeHg accounted for 82.5% of the Hg present in the eggs of 2009 and 2010.

The cell test DR CALUX® for screening of dioxin-like activities can be used to detect not only the 29 regulated dioxin-like substances but also many other persistent organic pollutants with dioxin-like potencies, such as mixed halogenated dioxins/biphenyls. In our case, the results of bioanalytical screening methods showed no additional effect of other compounds with dioxin-like activity.

Ninety-three out of 177 analytes sought could be detected in the eggs. Chlorinated paraffins, organotin compounds, some pesticides that are still in use, and phthalic esters with the exception of traces of diethylhexyl phthalate could be excluded. All pollutants found in the eggs belong to substance classes banned by the Stockholm and Minamata Conventions.     

广州市饮用水中挥发性有机物的研究

饮用水中的挥发性有机化合物（VOCs）来源于水源水受到的环境污染或是在净化消毒工艺处理工程中反应产生的副产物,可对人体健康造成极大的危害。改革开放以来,广州人口和经济得到突飞猛进的发展,也带来了包括饮用水安全在内的诸多严重的社会和环境问题。虽然饮用水中VOCs的研究已经得到越来越多的重视,但是目前对广州市饮用水中挥发性有机物的研究还鲜有报道。本文在广州市中心城区选取15个不同位置的采样点进行了自来水水样采集,并利用吹扫-捕集-气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）联用系统分析技术测定水中 VOCs 的种类和三卤甲烷的质量浓度。结果表明,广州市中心城区的自来水中VOCs有20种,以三卤甲烷（THMs）和芳香烃类为主,占了所检出的物质总量的78%以上。THMs中四种化合物（氯仿、一溴二氯甲烷、二溴一氯甲烷、溴仿）的检出率达100%,总三卤甲烷的平均质量浓度为46.46μg· L-1,最大值为53.31μg· L-1,最小值39.91μg· L-1。根据2006版国家饮用水标准,四种三卤甲烷质量浓度均低于标准限值,符合标准要求。对市面上一般的瓶装水的研究发现,瓶装水中三卤甲烷的质量浓度非常低,总三卤甲烷平均质量浓度仅为1.47μg·L-1,约是自来水中质量浓度的1/30。为了解温度及煮沸对自来水中 THMs 质量浓度的影响,本研究设计了实验进行探究。结果发现加热至沸腾过程中,THMs质量浓度随温度升高而升高,而沸腾后THMs骤降,煮沸5 min可降低水中约95%的THMs,接近瓶装水中THMs质量浓度。     

煤直接液化残渣掺烧的燃烧特性及其苯系物的排放特征

为分析煤直接液化残渣(液化渣)燃烧处置技术的可行性和环境安全性,采用热重分析仪分析了液化渣、煤和掺烧物料的燃烧特性,并且通过管式炉模拟燃烧试验,研究了不同温度下掺烧过程中苯系物的排放特征. 结果表明:煤和液化渣的燃烧特性及二者在燃烧过程中苯系物的排放特征存在较大差异,液化渣主要失重过程的温度区间为560~820 ℃,明显高于煤的主要失重过程温度区间(230~625 ℃). 从燃烧过程苯系物的排放规律上看,液化渣在700 ℃燃烧时苯系物排放量达到最大值,明显高于煤的燃烧温度(500 ℃). 2种物料由于燃烧特性的差异,在掺烧过程中相互影响,使得掺烧过程苯系物的排放规律发生变化. 掺烧物料在500 ℃下燃烧的苯系物排放量为23.5 mg/kg,远小于燃烧理论值;而当温度高于700 ℃,苯系物排放量为172.6 mg/kg,远大于燃烧理论值. 总体上看,液化渣无论是单独燃烧还是掺烧,低温条件下其燃烧过程中苯系物排放量远大于高温(≥850 ℃)条件下,因此液化渣的燃烧处置或燃料化利用应选择高温炉型.      

西安市新装修公共场所空气污染物浓度分析及健康风险评价

为了解公共场所室内空气污染现状及健康风险,在2017年12月~2020年7月对西安市区内5类新装修的公共场所（办公室、教室、实验室、银行和医院）进行了空气质量监测及人体健康风险评价.监测的项目包括：甲醛、苯、甲苯、二甲苯、乙酸正丁酯、乙苯、苯乙烯、正十一烷和总挥发性有机物（TVOC）.结果表明,污染物中甲醛的超标率最高（59.4%）,其次为甲苯、TVOC、苯和二甲苯.在5类公共场所中,医院的污染物超标率最高（46.7%）,主要超标物为甲醛、苯和甲苯.结果表明,甲醛和TVOC浓度与温、湿度呈现良好的正相关.健康风险评价结果表明,不同场所的人群均存在甲醛和苯的致癌风险,且在银行工作的人群存在较高的甲醛致癌风险,在医院工作的人群存在较高的苯致癌风险.本研究对西安市公共场所室内空气污染水平提供了参考,对相关人群健康风险研究具有重要意义.     

印染废水循环利用抗生素抗性基因丰度变化特性

城市污水处理系统中抗生素抗性基因（ARGs）分布研究较多,但是工业废水循环利用时ARGs丰度变化特性研究尚存不足.为此,本研究构建了印染废水循环利用系统,采用16S rDNA技术分析印染废水循环利用过程中微生物群落的变化特性,采用高通量测序技术表征ARGs丰度变化趋势.循环初期,活性污泥中共检出9大类52种ARGs,其中β-内酰胺类（β-lactam）抗性基因的相对丰度最高.循环过程中,芳烃类污染物浓度随循环次数的增加而升高,β-内酰胺类抗性基因丰度则先升高后降低再升高（第100 d,上升61.85%）.与此同时,与ARGs相关的Firmicutes、Actinobacteria和Cyanobacteria的丰度显著下降（降幅分别为84.66%、64.38%和85.15%）.超过21种ARGs受到芳烃类污染物富集的显著影响,其中,6种ARGs与芳烃类污染物的浓度变化极显著正相关,6种极显著负相关.这些结果表明,ARGs的丰度变化受微生物群落和芳烃类污染物的影响,在印染废水循环利用过程中呈现先上升后下降再上升的变化趋势.本研究揭示了印染废水循环利用过程中芳烃类污染物的富集与微生物群落的变化对ARGs的影响,对印染工业废水循环利用降低抗生素抗性基因对环境的污染提供了理论指导.     

淮河流域南四湖可挥发性有机物污染特征及风险评价

通过调查南四湖可挥发性有机物的污染特征并对生态风险和健康风险进行评价,2017年11月在南四湖25个取样点采得水样,利用吹扫捕集和GC-MS对52种VOCs进行检测.乙苯、间/对-二甲苯、邻-二甲苯、1,2-二氯苯和萘检出率达到100%;顺式1,3-二氯丙烯和甲苯的检出率为96%;1,2,4-三甲基苯的检出率最低,仅为12%;1,2-二氯苯平均浓度最高,达到3.49 μg·L^-1,1,2,4-三甲基苯平均浓度最低仅为0.02 μg·L^-1.南四湖水体中1,2-二氯苯浓度总体上高于其他VOCs,间/对-二甲苯和乙苯在NSH-24号点位浓度远超过该点位其他的VOCs,但所有VOCs中值均未超过4 μg·L^-1.南四湖水体VOCs浓度的空间分布呈现西北和东南两端高,中部低的特点.造成南四湖VOCs污染的主要原因可能是航运船只航行过程中排放的尾气,次要原因为上下游支流中VOCs的汇集和人为因素影响.对南四湖的健康风险评价发现,总体上看南四湖并无致癌或非致癌的健康风险,但个别点位的风险值偏高,甚至超过US EPA规定的风险阈值.南四湖有12个点位的生态风险商值超过了1,即存在对水生生物的生态风险.