Effects of different Ca2+ behavior patterns in the electric field on membrane fouling formation and removal of trace organic compounds

The effects of Ca²⁺on membrane fouling and trace organic compounds(TrOCs) removal in an electric field-assisted microfiltration system were investigated in the presence of Na+alone for comparison. In the electric field, negatively charged bovine serum albumin(BSA)migrated towards the anode far away from the membrane surface, resulting in a 42.9% transmembrane pressure(TMP) reduction in the presence of Na+at 1.5 V. In contrast, because of the stronger charge shielding of Ca²⁺     

3种酚类化合物对多刺裸腹溞GST和AChE活力的影响

为探讨酚类化合物对水生生物的毒性效应,实验研究了多刺裸腹溞(Moina macrocopa)暴露于不同浓度的苯酚(0.25、0.75、1.25、1.75、2.25mg·L-1)、邻苯二酚(0.10、0.25、0.40、0.55、0.70mg·L-1)和间苯二酚(0.015、0.030、0.045、0.060、0.075mg·L-1)后,体内谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GST)和乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)活力的动态变化.结果表明,3种酚类化合物处理24h后,多刺裸腹溞体内GST活力随染毒浓度的升高呈先升高后降低趋势.处理48h后,体内GST活力随苯酚和邻苯二酚浓度的升高逐渐降低,而间苯二酚对GST活力的影响与处理24h后GST活力的变化趋势相似.3种酚类化合物处理24h、48h后,多刺裸腹溞体内AChE活力均呈先升高后降低趋势.48h处理多刺裸腹溞体内GST和AChE活力均显著低于24h处理.短时间内低浓度酚类化合物对GST和AChE活力具有诱导作用,但随着酚类化合物处理浓度的升高和处理时间的延长酶活力受到显著抑制.GST和AChE活力的变化能够灵敏地反映出酚类化合物对多刺裸腹溞的毒性大小及造成的损伤,初步推断可作为生物标志物来评价酚类污染物对水生生物的生化毒性.     

α-二羰基化合物的结构-致突活性关系

采用ＡＭ１方法计算了６个α－二羰基化合物与ＤＮＡ碱基岛嘌呤环外Ｎ＾２发生紊电加成反应的速率控制步骤的活化能及分子结构和电子结构。研究其结构－知必凶线性回归结果表明;可用烷化反应活化能、ＬＵＭＯ能量、分子量表面积比和羰基面原子的正电性表示化合物的致突活性指数,获得很好的回归效果（Ｌ顺归系数Ｒ＝０．９９９８）。以本文提出的方程对这些化合物的估性进行计算,秘得到的结果与实验结果吻合得很好。     

根据分子连接性指数估算非极性有机化合物在鱼体中的生物富集因子

研究了有机化合物在鱼全中的生物富集因子（ＢＣＦ）与分子连接性指数（ＭＣＩ）之间的定量关系。通过逐步回归分析,以８０种非极性化合物ＢＣＦ实验值为基础,建立了根据ＭＣＩ估算ＢＣＦ的定量模型。利用Ｊａｃｋｋｎｉｆｅ法按分且和单个化合物随机抽取等方式对模型稳健性进行检验。结果显示回归方程的可决系数（Ｒ＾２）表现出较强的统计稳健性,但个别化合物的存在对模型精度有一定影响。在不同类别化合物与模型Ｊａｃｋｋｎｉ     

应用四膜虫刺泡发射评价加氯水体中有机浓集物的致突变性

应用致突变阴性、阳性对照（Cu^2＋,丝裂霉素MMC和环磷酰胺CP）评价四膜虫刺泡发射试验方法的可行性,并应用该方法检测养殖水体加氯消毒后的有机浓集物对四膜虫刺泡发射的影响效应．结果表明,水体加氯后的有机浓集物可引起四膜虫刺泡发射,且各处理浓度与刺池发射率呈良好的相关性,表明这些有机物中含有致突变性物质．     

氯代芳香化合物的KOW与对数拓扑指数和路径指数的相关性

本文用１ｇＫｏｗ表征氯代芳香化合物的生物降解能力,并分别以对数拓扑指数（ＬＴＩ）和路径指数（ＰＩ）为自变量,建立了新的预测模型。结果表明,回归方程的预测值与实验值十分吻合,相关系数接近于１,平均标准偏差小于０．１。     

有机金属化合物形态分析

本文对有机金属化合物形态分析的发展做了简单介绍,从本学科出发提出了有机金属化合物形态分析的概念和任务。分析了有机金属化合物形态分析常用的几种方法,包括ＧＣ－ＡＡＳ,ＧＣ－ＭＩＰ－ＡＥＳ,ＧＣ－ＦＰＤ和ＧＣ－ＭＳ等的特点,对样品的采集,贮存和预处理方法以及形态分析中的质量控制进行了讨论。     

Structure-activity relationship assessment of four perfluorinated chemicals using a prolonged zebrafish early life stage test

Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) are a group of anthropogenic chemicals containing diverse functional groups and chain lengths. They are known to be persistent and bioaccumulative explaining their worldwide environmental presence. The toxicological information on these chemicals is still incomplete and insufficient to assess their environmental impact and structure-activity relationship. In the present study, the developmental effects of PFOS (perfluorooctane sulfonate, C8), PFOA (perfluorooctanoic acid, C8), PFBS (perfluorobutane sulfonate, C4) and PFBA (perfluorobutanoic acid, C4) were evaluated in zebrafish embryos (Danio rerio). The different chain lengths and functional groups of the selected chemicals made it possible to determine the structure-activity relationship of these compounds. PFCs with longer chain lengths (C8) tend to be more toxic than PFCs with shorter chain lengths (C4). Comparison based on the functional groups of compounds with the same chain length indicates that PFCs with a sulfonate group have a larger toxic potential than the ones with a carboxyl group. Furthermore, exposure to the different PFCs resulted in some general effects, such as deformations of the tail and an uninflated swim bladder, as well as in more specific effects which might be related to the structure of the tested chemicals. Oedemas and effects on length could only be detected in 8-carbon PFCs while malformations of the head were a more specific action of the sulfonated PFCs. Effects on hatching rate and success were found in PFOA exposed embryos and heart rates were affected after exposure to PFOS, PFOA and PFBS.     

A review of personal care products in the aquatic environment: environmental concentrations and toxicity

Considerable research has been conducted examining occurrence and effects of human use pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment; however, relatively little research has been conducted examining personal care products although they are found more often and in higher concentrations than pharmaceuticals. Personal care products are continually released into the aquatic environment and are biologically active and persistent. This article examines the acute and chronic toxicity data available for personal care products and highlights areas of concern. Toxicity and environmental data were synergized to develop a preliminary hazard assessment in which only triclosan and triclocarban presented any hazard. However, numerous PCPs including triclosan, paraben preservatives, and UV filters have evidence suggesting endocrine effects in aquatic organisms and thus need to be investigated and incorporated in definitive risk assessments. Additional data pertaining to environmental concentrations of UV filters and parabens, in vivo toxicity data for parabens, and potential for bioaccumulation of PCPs needs to obtained to develop definitive aquatic risk assessments.     

Removal capacity and pathways of phenolic endocrine disruptors in an estuarine wetland of natural reed bed

Phenolic compounds are partly known as endocrine disruptors with various harmful effects including feminization and carcinogenesis at very low concentrations. Consequently, the pathways and removal of these compounds in natural and artificial sewage treatment systems such as wetlands have received wide concern. In this paper, a natural reed bed wetland with an area of 695 ha located in the Liaohe River estuary in Northeast China was employed as a demonstration site to study the retention and removal efficiency of phenolic compounds including 4-nonylphenol (4-NP), bisphenol A (BPA), 4-t-octylphenol (4-t-OP), and 2,4-dichlorophenol (DCP), and to evaluate their purification capacity via water and mass balance analyses during an irrigation period from May 9 to September 8, 2009. The results showed that the phenolic compounds could be retained in the wetland system and removed through various processes. On average, 27.5% of phenolic compounds could be retained by the wetland substrate during the initial three-day irrigation period with a retention capacity order of 4-t-OP > 4-NP > BPA > DCP. During the following 120 d irrigation period, the phenolic compounds could be efficiently removed with an average percentage of 91.6%. It is estimated that 1.76 kg d⁻¹ of phenolic compounds could be removed by the Liaohe River estuarine wetland (∼8 × 10⁴ ha). The reed bed wetland system therefore provides a feasible mitigation option for phenolic pollutants in sewage and wastewater.