N原子杂化石墨烯高效活化过一硫酸盐降解RBk5染料废水

过硫酸盐高级氧化技术使用过程中,活化剂的大量流失与其环境二次危害是影响该技术应用的主要限制因素.针对这一问题本研究采用改进的Hummers法结合水热法制备环境友好型的N原子掺杂石墨烯作为催化剂,活化过一硫酸盐(PMS)产生硫酸根自由基(SO4-·)和羟基自由基(·OH)降解活性黑5(RBk5)染料.利用傅立叶红外光谱,X-射线光电子能谱,拉曼光谱和透射电子显微镜对N原子掺杂石墨烯进行表征.对催化剂催化性能进行研究,考察了初始p H、催化剂投加量和PMS投加量等因素对降解过程的影响.结果表明,N元素掺杂能够有效提升石墨烯材料的PMS催化活性,且活性受N掺杂比例影响较大;废水的初始p H对降解效率无明显影响.催化剂投加量为1. 5 g·L-1,PMS投加量为0. 3 g·L-1的条件下,反应25min后RBk5染料废水的降解率可达到99%以上,反应过程符合一级反应动力学.自由基猝灭实验显示,N掺杂石墨烯/PMS体系降解RBk5为表面反应,SO4-·和·OH为降解RBk5的主要自由基.循环实验证明催化剂稳定性能良好.     

Dynamic floodplain vegetation model development for the Kootenai River, USA

The Kootenai River floodplain in Idaho, USA, is nearly disconnected from its main channel due to levee construction and the operation of Libby Dam since 1972. The decreases in flood frequency and magnitude combined with the river modification have changed the physical processes and the dynamics of floodplain vegetation. This research describes the concept, methodologies and simulated results of the rule-based dynamic floodplain vegetation model "CASiMiR-vegetation" that is used to simulate the effect of hydrological alteration on vegetation dynamics. The vegetation dynamics are simulated based on existing theory but adapted to observed field data on the Kootenai River. The model simulates the changing vegetation patterns on an annual basis from an initial condition based on spatially distributed physical parameters such as shear stress, flood duration and height-over-base flow level. The model was calibrated and the robustness of the model was analyzed. The hydrodynamic (HD) models were used to simulate relevant physical processes representing historic, pre-dam, and post-dam conditions from different representative hydrographs. The general concept of the vegetation model is that a vegetation community will be recycled if the magnitude of a relevant physical parameter is greater than the threshold value for specific vegetation; otherwise, succession will take place toward maturation stage. The overall accuracy and agreement Kappa between simulated and field observed maps were low considering individual vegetation types in both calibration and validation areas. Overall accuracy (42% and 58%) and agreement between maps (0.18 and 0.27) increased notably when individual vegetation types were merged into vegetation phases in both calibration and validation areas, respectively. The area balance approach was used to analyze the proportion of area occupied by different vegetation phases in the simulated and observed map. The result showed the impact of the river modification and hydrological alteration on the floodplain vegetation. The spatially distributed vegetation model developed in this study is a step forward in modeling riparian vegetation succession and can be used for operational loss assessment, and river and floodplain restoration projects.     

Evaluation of Fenton and ozone-based advanced oxidation processes as mature landfill leachate pre-treatments

Fenton treatment (Fe²⁺/H₂O₂) and different ozone-based Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) (O₃, O₃/OH⁻ and O₃/H₂O₂) were evaluated as pre-treatment of a mature landfill leachate, in order to improve the biodegradability of its recalcitrant organic matter for subsequent biological treatment. With a two-fold diluted leachate, at optimised experimental conditions (initial pH 3, H₂O₂ to Fe²⁺ molar ratio of 3, Fe²⁺ dosage of 4 mmol L⁻¹, and reaction time of 40 min) Fenton treatment removed about 46% of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and increased the five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅) to COD ratio (BOD₅/COD) from 0.01 to 0.15. The highest removal efficiency and biodegradability was achieved by ozone at higher pH values, solely or combined with H₂O₂. These results confirm the enhanced production of hydroxyl radical under such conditions. After the application for 60 min of ozone at 5.6 g O₃ h⁻¹, initial pH 7, and 400 mg L⁻¹ of hydrogen peroxide, COD removal efficiency was 72% and BOD₅/COD increased from 0.01 to 0.24. An estimation of the operating costs of the AOPs processes investigated revealed that Fe²⁺/H₂O₂ was the most economical system (8.2 € m⁻³ g⁻¹ of COD removed) to treat the landfill leachate. This economic study, however, should be treated with caution since it does not consider the initial investment, prices at plant scale, maintenance and labour costs.     

景观带尺度高寒区水文特征时空变化规律研究

目前高寒区景观带尺度水文规律的研究还非常薄弱.同位素技术被用来甄别高寒区不同景观带冰川、积雪、冻土、地表水、地下水和降雨等对径流的贡献组合及其时空变化规律,旨在揭示各景观带的水文规律.结果表明马粪沟流域雨季降雨量大,温度效应显著,易发生再次蒸发,致使各水体δ18O和δD较高.干季气温低,降水多为固态,蒸发弱,不易受到再次蒸发和周围水汽交换影响,致使各水体δ18O和δD相对偏负.降雨和各水体在雨季富集重D和18O,干季较贫重同位素,存在季节效应.降雨存在高程效应,δ18O=-0.005 2 H-8.951,R=-0.917 2;δD=-0.018 5 H-34.873,R=-0.876 3.流域各景观带各水体在雨季和干季均不存在高程效应,是因为出山径流均非以降雨直接补给为主,受冰川、积雪和冻土等冻融过程影响,降水、融水、地表水与地下水等相互转化,导致同位素特征发生变化,混合和蒸发效应是其同位素变化的主要控制因素.     

Understanding the impact of climate change on the dwindling water resources of South Africa,focusing mainly on Olifants River basin: A review

In this paper, consideration has focused mainly on the extent and usefulness of the existing literature available so far on the understanding of the impact of climate change on water resources in Africa, focusing mainly on the Olifants River basin in South Africa. Here, the existing literature on the impact of climate change on the hydrological cycle (particularly the hydrological processes like temperature, precipitation and runoff) has been reviewed. The uncertainties, constraints and limitations in climate change research have been discussed at great length. A detailed discussion has been highlighted on the remaining knowledge gaps in climate change research, especially in Africa. In addition to the research gaps highlighted here, the emphasis on the need of climate change research by African scientists is included as part of lessons learnt. Overall, the importance of conducting further research in climate change, understanding the potential impact of climate change on our lives, and taking actions to effectively meet the adaptation needs of the people, emerge as an important theme in this review.     

驱动数据对流域水文模拟中不同结果要素的影响

流域水循环中各要素之间高度的非线性关系,使得驱动数据对模拟结果的影响研究变得复杂。结合站点实测和遥感的降水、温度和潜在蒸散发驱动数据,构建了叶尔羌河流域的8个MIKE SHE模型;根据方差分析模型（ANOVA）对模型“输入”与“输出”之间显著性影响检验的结果,以积融雪过程为例,剖析了驱动数据影响的具体表现。结果表明：相比站点数据,TRMM降水驱动的模型导致积雪输出的空间分布差异性更加明显;MODIS温度数据驱动的模型导致了中低山区的永久性薄层积雪覆盖更广,而高山区的储雪量更少;遥感蒸散发驱动的模型在积雪模拟方面并无显著差异。ANOVA对水文系统中要素之间的显著性假设检验,可为明晰驱动数据对水文过程的具体影响方式提供重要前提。     

Molecular characterization of methanogenic microbial communities for degrading various types of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon

Knowledge on methanogenic microbial communities associated with the degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is crucial to developing strategies for PAHs bioremediation. In this study, the linkage between the type of PAHs and microbial community structure was fully investigated through 16S rRNA gene sequencing on four PAH-degrading cultures. Putative degradation products were also detected. Our results indicated that naphthalene (Nap)/2-methylnaphthalene (2-Nap), phenanthrene (Phe) and anthracene (Ant) sculpted different microbial communities. Among them, Nap and 2-Nap selected for similar degrading bacteria (i.e., Alicycliphilus and Thauera) and methanogens (Methanomethylovorans and Methanobacterium). Nap and 2-Nap were probably activated via carboxylation, producing 2-naphthoic acid. In contrast, Phe and Ant shaped different bacterial and archaeal communities, with Arcobacter and Acinetobacter being Phe-degraders and Thiobacillus Ant-degrader. Methanogenic archaea Methanobacterium and Methanomethylovorans predominated Phe-degrading and Ant-degrading culture, respectively. These findings can improve our understanding of natural PAHs attenuation and provide some guidance for PAHs bioremediation in methanogenic environment.     

重庆市不同粒径颗粒物中水溶性离子污染特征

于2010年3月~2011年2月和2017年1~12月在重庆主城区连续采集PM_1.0、PM_1.0~2.5和PM_2.5~10样品,采用离子色谱测定了样品中9种水溶性无机离子（WSIIs）含量,研究了近年来不同粒径颗粒物中主要离子的污染特征.结果表明,2017年重庆市PM_1.0、PM_1.0~2.5和PM_2.5~10中WSIIs年均浓度和占比分别为24.10,32.89,39.11μg/m³和41.8%、40.3%、38.6%,较2010年均有所下降（39.85,47.84,57.12μg/m³和49.2%、46.6%、36.2%）,但NO₃^-浓度和占比呈上升趋势（分别上升12.3%~27.8%和53.1%~78.2%）,且成为2017年冬季首要离子.SO₄^2-、NO₃^-、NH₄⁺、Cl^-、K⁺和Na⁺主要分布在细粒子中,F^-、Mg²⁺和Ca²⁺主要分布在粗粒子中.重庆颗粒物呈弱碱性,其中粗粒子碱性强于细粒子,NH₄⁺主要以（NH₄）₂SO₄和NH₄NO₃的形式存在.与2010年不同,2017年细粒子中SO₄^2-和NO₃^-浓度均随相对湿度增大而快速上升,非均相反应已成为2017年SO₄^2-和NO₃^-形成的重要途径,且在PM_1.0中尤为突出.随污染加重,不同粒径下各类WSIIs演化特征各异,其中2017年细粒子中NO₃^-浓度及其对WSIIs贡献大幅升高,并成为重污染形成的主因,而SO₄^2-和扬尘源示踪物（Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺）贡献呈下降趋势.与2010年相比,2017年各粒径中NO₃^-/SO₄^2-比值随污染加重大幅升高,且重污染日比值均大于1.0.细粒子中WSIIs主要来源于二次转化,粗粒子主要来源于扬尘.2017年扬尘污染较2010年有所减缓,但二次源对WSIIs贡献上升明显,尤其是NO₃^-的二次生成,因此对NOx排放源的管控是WSIIs减排的重要途径.研究结果对了解近年来重庆市大气颗粒物污染来源及形成机制研究具有重要参考价值.