水稻土中铁-氮循环耦合体系影响镉活性机理研究

关于铁-氮循环耦合体系对镉(Cd)活性影响的研究目前尚鲜见报道.本文采用淹水培养试验,研究不同硝酸根(NO_3~-)、铵根(NH_4~+)处理条件下,南方典型Cd污染水稻土中铁氧化还原与氮形态转化耦合关系及其对Cd活性影响的机理.结果表明:随着培养时间延长,不同处理的pH值逐渐向7.0靠拢,Eh值由273~321 mV持续下降至118~132 mV,pe+pH值(e-活度的负对数值与H+活度的负对数值之和)从10.62~11.19持续下降至8.55~8.83,土-水体系处于中度还原条件;化学反硝化(Chemodenitrification)和NO_3~-依赖的厌氧铁氧化过程(Microbial NO_3~--dependent FeIIoxidation,NDFO)生成无定形氢氧化铁(Fe(OH)_3(amorp)),其对Cd~(2+)专性吸附及与Cd~(2+)共沉淀降低了有效态Cd浓度,加之pH值上升增大Cd~(2+)在土壤固相表面的吸附量,导致水稻土中Cd活性下降;NH_4~+被Fe(OH)_3(amorp)厌氧氧化(Anaerobic NH_4~+oxidation coupled to FeIII reduction,Feammox)会消耗H+而提高体系的pH值,在一定程度上会降低Cd活性,但其自身与Cd~(2+)对土壤固相表面吸附位点的竞争,可能会更大程度地减少Cd~(2+)在土壤固相表面的吸附量,而导致Cd活性提高.本研究成果可为丰富和拓展水稻土中Cd的生物地球化学理论,并为南方Cd污染农田修复及治理提供科学依据.     

中亚热带典型农业小流域氮素输出特征及监测采样频率研究

以湖南省长沙县的脱甲小流域为例,研究了中亚热带典型农业小流域中氮素输出的规律,并采用统计学方法确定合理的氮素输出监测频率.研究结果表明,该地区农业小流域氮素输出过程受降雨-径流过程和农业管理活动的影响明显,除颗粒态氮(PN)外,流域出口水体中铵态氮(NH+4-N)、硝态氮(NO-3-N)、可溶性氮(DN)和全氮(TN)的浓度均与沟渠径流量显著相关(p0.01).降雨-径流过程和农业管理活动也会影响河道水体中氮素化学形态,但其对氮素化学形态的影响往往是短期的,因为在整个观测期间内,仅NH+4-N/TN比例与径流量有显著相关关系(p0.01).对于不同形态氮素采样频率计算结果表明,水体中氮素浓度变异系数越大,在允许的误差范围内需要的监测频率越高.按照平均值误差的20%控制,NH+4-N和PN的采样频率要达到每天2次才能满足要求,采样频率显著高于NO-3-N、DN和TN(1天1次).如果将典型小流域中的氮素输出监测频率定为每天1次,NH+4-N和PN的相对误差将达到30%.该研究为阐明中亚热带农业小流域氮素输出规律和制定氮素监测策略和规范提供了样本.     

臭氧组合工艺去除饮用水源水中有机物的效果

研究由臭氧氧化、生物处理、常规处理和活性炭吸附组成的臭氧组合工艺以及各单元工艺对饮用水源水中有机物的去除效果 .结果表明 ,由于预臭氧对有机物的氧化 ,减小了有机物的分子量 ,增加了可生物降解的有机物 ,从而强化了后续的生物处理和活性炭对有机物的去除 .整个工艺对有机物的控制能力很好 ,UV2 54、DOC、BDOC、AOC、THMFP和 HAAFP的去除率分别达到 95.1%、92.5%、98.4%、85.8%、63.1 %和 89.1% .预臭氧-生物陶粒的预处理对各有机物的去除效果在 50%左右 ,常规处理对各有机物的去除不尽相同 ,后臭氧 -活性炭对有机物的去除达到了 60 %左右 .     

Assessment of water pollution in different bleaching based paper manufacturing and textile dyeing industries in India

Paper industries using different raw materials such as hard wood, bamboo, baggase, rice-straw and waste papers and bleaching chemicals like chlorine, hypochlorite, chlorine dioxide, hydrogen peroxide, sulphite and oxygen were studied to estimate organic pollution load and Adsorbable Organic Halides (AOX) per ton of production. The hard wood based paper industries generate higher Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) loads (105–182 kg t⁻¹) and Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) loads (32.0–72 kg t⁻¹) compared to the agro and waste paper based industrial effluents. The bleaching sequences such as C–EP–H–H, C–E–H–H, C–E–Do–D1 and O–Do–EOP–D1 are adopted in the paper industries and the molecular elemental chlorine free bleaching sequence discharges low AOX in the effluent. The range of AOX concentration in the final effluent from the paper industries was 0.08–0.99 kg t⁻¹ of production. Water consumption was in the range of 100–130 m³ t⁻¹ of paper production for wood based industries and 30–50 m³ for the waste paper based industries. Paper machine effluents are partially recycled after treatment and pulp mill black liquor are subject to chemical recovery after evaporation to reduce the water consumption and the total pollution loads. Hypochlorite bleaching units of textile bleaching processes generate more AOX (17.2–18.3 mg l⁻¹) and are consuming more water (45–80 l kg⁻¹) whereas alkali peroxide bleaching hardly generates the AOX in the effluents and water consumption was also comparatively less (40 l kg⁻¹ of yarn/cloth).     

采空区亚自燃状态及其向自燃转化研究

针对高危自燃采空区遗留煤发生自燃问题,提出采空区亚自燃状态的概念.开采推进过程中的采空区自燃,都可理解为是从亚自燃状态向自燃状态转化的结果,且其转化过程时间很短,小于最短自然发火期.在不同条件下的自燃过程满足叠加组合原理,采空区亚自燃状态向自燃转化过程是两种以上过程的叠加.转化受亚自燃状态程度(稳定温度)、工作面推进度、漏风供氧、煤堆积状态及防灭火措施(注氮)等因素影响.亚自燃状态理论能够解释生产实践中一旦某一不利因素出现,能在短时间内导致自燃发生的现象(自燃突发性).亚自燃状态概念的提出,将有助于从理论上正确认识实际采空区自燃状态的演变过程,实现早期预防采空区自燃的发生.     

抗生素抗性基因在生活及工业混合废水处理系统中的分布和去除

抗生素抗性基因(ARGs)由于其广泛的传播与转移,成为日益严峻的环境问题。污水处理厂(WWTP)被公认为ARGs的主要来源之一。膜生物反应器(MBR)是一种新型污染物去除工艺。在一个具有传统生物处理和膜系统处理的城镇污水处理系统的进水中,检出17种ARGs,并首次检出甲氧苄啶类ARGs。进水中sulΙ基因的绝对丰度最高,随后依次是tet C、sulⅡ、tet W、dfr A1、flo R和dfr A13基因。不同的处理系统去除同一种ARGs效果各不相同,MBR对ARGs去除效果显著优于传统生物处理工艺,同一个处理系统处理不同类ARGs,四环素类ARGs被去除的效果显著优于其他ARGs被去除的效果,绝对丰度下降了3.8个数量级。ARGs没有真正意义上的去除,只是从水体转移到污泥中,污泥中的ARGs不断积累。     

Emerging electrochemical processes for materials recovery from wastewater: Mechanisms and prospects

• Mechanisms for selective recovery of materials in electrochemical processes are discussed. • Wastewaters that contain recoverable materials are reviewed. • Application prospects are discussed from both technical and non-technical aspects. Recovering valuable materials from waste streams is critical to the transition to a circular economy with reduced environmental damages caused by resource extraction activities. Municipal and industrial wastewaters contain a variety of materials, such as nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus), lithium, and rare earth elements, which can be recovered as value-added products. Owing to their modularity, convenient operation and control, and the non-requirement of chemical dosage, electrochemical technologies offer a great promise for resource recovery in small-scale, decentralized systems. Here, we review three emerging electrochemical technologies for materials recovery applications: electrosorption based on carbonaceous and intercalation electrodes, electrochemical redox processes, and electrochemically induced precipitation. We highlight the mechanisms for achieving selective materials recovery in these processes. We also present an overview of the advantages and limitations of these technologies, as well as the key challenges that need to be overcome for their deployment in real-world systems to achieve cost-effective and sustainable materials recovery.     

Recycling – the importance of understanding the complexity of the issue

Natural resources and raw materials such as metals and minerals are often taken for granted in today’s society. Without them, the offerings of an enormous variety of modern conveniences, including computers and mobile phones, would not be possible. The production of these everyday items depends on a secure, sustainable, and reliable supply of critical raw materials. In addition, product development also requires new hybrid materials when targeting lightweight structures, etc. However, the mandatory recyclability of new products or materials is not obligatory or even prevailing practice in present manufacturing business. Therefore, the main research question in this article is: “how to solve the challenge of recycling in industrial system?” In this article, a comprehensive approach to recycling based on the findings of research projects is presented. Simplified, this involves moving the challenge from the end of the product’s life cycle to the beginning, to the design or even to material development phases. Life cycle and system thinking and material know-how in the design phase are found to be essential elements of a new approach to recycling. This approach stems from the material development and market economy perspectives. Furthermore, the vulnerability of the industrial system to create uncertainty to recycling is also demonstrated.     

不同植被下土壤碳转移对岩溶动力系统中碳循环的影响

土壤是陆地生物生长、发育、繁殖的最佳场所,也是岩溶发育最为活跃的部位。土壤～岩石(土箱)、草本植物(麦冬)-土壤-岩石(草箱)、木本植物(黄杨)-土壤-岩石(树箱)体系中碳循环的模拟试验显示,黄杨具有较大的树冠可截获更多的降雨,根系的呼吸作用、分泌作用和土壤微生物活力的提高,使土壤环境中CO2浓度提高,树箱比土箱、草箱分别提高148.08%、75.01%,而土壤呼吸排放CO2的量则分别提高175.75%、171.14%;随水排泄的无机碳浓度分别提高77.78%、72.49%,排泄的总量分别提高166.49%、153.81%。碳循环强度的增加,使土下碳酸盐岩的侵蚀能力加强,树箱比土箱提高2.84倍、比草箱提高1.36倍。     

The Behaviour of Selenium in Geological Processes

Selenium contents were analyzed from a total of 244 soil samples collected over different rock types at a sampling density of one sample per 4km² around Geita gold mining areas, Northwestern Tanzania. Comparisons using literature survey contents of selenium in geological materials and some implications on the selenium in soils are compiled and discussed. Most selenium occurs as simple selenides in small quantities in low temperature hydrothermal deposits devoid of sulphur. It has been observed that to a large extent selenium content is increased more than most trace elements in the upper parts of the Earth perhaps through extraterrestrial deposition. In deep-seated rocks selenium is associated with sulphur but being volatile selenium and sulphur do not behave according to the crystallochemical law. Due to the higher stability of S⁶⁺, Se⁴⁺ and Se⁰ separate during migration. Thus, selenium is especially found in deep-seated plutonic rocks where large magma bodies cooled slowly and sulphur is available to precipitate sulphides. Selenium, which occurs with sulphides, is inhomogeneously deposited into continental margins. It is increased during magmatic differentiation and is highest in basic rocks. In magmatic and metamorphic conditions, selenium is found in the crystal structures of sulphides while in pneumatolytic and hydrothermal processes, it is relatively enriched into the late differentiates compared to sulphur. In metamorphic rocks selenium is more widely distributed. Selenium content in soils in the investigated area varies from (0.3–0.5gg^–1) in laterite and in black cotton soil 0.4gg^–1. Of all volcanic rocks selenium is highest in volcanogenic rocks especially the basalts. Surface waters are enriched in selenium, which they leach from volcanic materials. Selenium in sediments containing clay and organic matter is elevated but the content decreases with increased metamorphism. Selenium in volcanic areas can be used as a pathfinder in prospecting for volcanogenic ore deposits. S/Se ratios are distinct in different rock types and can thus be used to elucidate the origin of rocks, ores, and sediments.