核废料深埋处理安全性分析的热-水-力耦合模型新进展

本文介绍了国际合作项目ＤＥＣＯＶＡＬＥＸ在核废料深埋处理安全性分析的热—水—力耦合模型研究方面的新进展。     

ENVIRONMENTAL AUDITING: The Functional Unit in the Life Cycle Inventory Analysis of Degreasing Processes in the Metal-Processing Industry

1 and C₂ hydrocarbons (trichloroethane, trichloroethene, tetrachloroethene, dichloromethane). Measures aiming at the reduction of toxic emissions and ozone depletion potential (ODP) may possibly lead to a shift of environmental impacts towards higher energy consumption, emission of waste water, and volatile organic compounds (VOC) with photochemical oxidant creation potential (POCP). The present article concerns itself with a life cycle assessment of the three main degreasing processes in order to compare their integral environmental impacts with one another. This is supplemented by presenting the methodology of the life cycle inventory life cycle inventory analysis (LCI). Generally, the applicability of the established LCI method can be shown quite clearly. However, some difficulties arise, especially at the stage of the goal definition, as the use of the process and the functional unit cannot be pinned down as easily and neatly as for most other products. The definition of the use of the process and the functional unit is not as straightforward as for most products. Among the potential functional units identified are the mass of removed impurities, cleaning time, cleaning work, percentage of purity, throughput of parts, loads, mass or surface and virtual coefficients. The mass of removed impurities turned out to be the most suitable parameter for measuring the technical performance of degreasing processes. The article discusses background, purpose, scope, system boundaries, target group, process tree and representativeness of the present study.     

当代河流系统研究中稳定性同位素的应用

对天然存在的稳定碳、氮同位素在河流系统中的有机物质（POM和DOM）来源、转换、运移规律、与沿岸生态系统的关系、河口区不同来源颗粒有机质的混合过程、河流系统中富营养的污染来源和土壤中的微生物过程、系统中的营养行为和食物来源途径以及河流有机物质在陆架上的分配、积累和运移规律的应用研究作了较为系统的论述。     

Model-based analysis of the influence of ecological processes on forest point pattern formation—A case study

Many different spatio-temporal individual-based models (IBM) for forests have been developed for studying the development of trees in space and time. Such models typically depend on various numerical parameters that represent the ecological processes of growth (G), inter-plant competition (C) and birth-and-death (B&D; also called regeneration and mortality). Until now little work has been done to systematically trace the influence of these processes and their model parameters on the spatial structure of forest ecosystems.This paper attempts to fill this gap by addressing an important aspect of forest structure, spatial variability, characterised by the mark variogram as a summary characteristic. The model used was inspired by components of various well-established IBMs including a shot-noise competition field. Time series data from monospecies forests in three different countries of the northern hemisphere provided ecological reference scenarios. Though a case study, the paper's methodology is rather general and can be applied to any model and forest ecosystem.Methods of sensitivity analysis revealed that only a small number of model parameters is crucial for forming spatial variability. Particularly important is the range of competition between trees; with increasing range the variability increases. Growth processes have considerable importance particularly with short observation periods and in young forests, whereas mortality processes become more influential in the long-term. Naturally, these statements depend upon the initial structure and on the length of the observation period.     

Fragmentation drives tropical forest fragments to early successional states: A modelling study for Brazilian Atlantic forests

Land use leads to massive habitat destruction and fragmentation in tropical forests. Despite its global dimensions the effects of fragmentation on ecosystem dynamics are not well understood due to the complexity of the problem. We present a simulation analysis performed by the individual-based model FORMIND. The model was applied to the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, one of the world's biodiversity hot spots, at the Plateau of São Paulo. This study investigates the long-term effects of fragmentation processes on structure and dynamics of different sized remnant tropical forest fragments (1-100 ha) at community and plant functional type (PFT) level. We disentangle the interplay of single effects of different key fragmentation processes (edge mortality, increased mortality of large trees, local seed loss and external seed rain) using simulation experiments in a full factorial design.Our analysis reveals that particularly small forest fragments below 25 ha suffer substantial structural changes, biomass and biodiversity loss in the long term. At community level biomass is reduced up to 60%. Two thirds of the mid- and late-successional species groups, especially shade-tolerant (late successional climax) species groups are prone of extinction in small fragments. The shade-tolerant species groups were most strongly affected; its tree number was reduced more than 60% mainly by increased edge mortality. This process proved to be the most powerful of those investigated, explaining alone more than 80% of the changes observed for this group. External seed rain was able to compensate approximately 30% of the observed fragmentation effects for shade-tolerant species.Our results suggest that tropical forest fragments will suffer strong structural changes in the long term, leading to tree species impoverishment. They may reach a new equilibrium with a substantially reduced subset of the initial species pool, and are driven towards an earlier successional state. The natural regeneration potential of a landscape scattered with forest fragments appears to be limited, as external seed rain is not able to fully compensate for the observed fragmentation-induced changes. Our findings suggest basic recommendations for the management of fragmented tropical forest landscapes.     

Intensified wintertime secondary inorganic aerosol formation during heavy haze pollution episodes (HPEs) in Beijing, China

Air pollution in China is complex, and the formation mechanism of chemical components in particulate matter is still unclear. This study selected three consecutive heavy haze pollution episodes (HPEs) during winter in Beijing for continuous field observation, including an episode with heavy air pollution under red alert. Clean days during the observation period were selected for comparison. The HPE characteristics of Beijing in winter were: under the influence of adverse meteorological conditions such as high relative humidity, temperature inversion and low wind speed; and strengthening of secondary transformation reactions, which further intensified the accumulation of secondary aerosols and other pollutants, promoting the explosive growth of PM_2.5. PM_2.5/CO values, as indicators of the contribution of secondary transformation in PM_2.5, were approximately 2 times higher in the HPEs than the average PM_2.5/CO during the clean period. The secondary inorganic aerosols (sulfate nitrate and ammonium salt) were significantly enhanced during the HPEs, and the conversion coefficients were remarkably improved. In addition, it is interesting to observe that the production of sulfate tended to exceed that of nitrate in the late stage of all three HPEs. The existence of aqueous phase reactions led to the explosive growth sulfur oxidation ratio (SOR) and rapid generation of sulfate under high relative humidity (RH>70%).     

干旱区植被与其地貌过程的相互作用

地貌过程与生态过程相结合的研究对于干旱区景观格局与功能规划具有十分重要的意义,且在近年来受到地貌学与生态学研究者的共同关注。干旱区地貌的分畀造成了地区气候的再分异与主导因子的再分配,决定了干旱地区植物群落分布及景观格局的形成。在未来,地貌与生物群落的协同进化以及人类在直接或间接改变景观格局中的作用将成为研究重点。     

北京市生活垃圾填埋场氨排放特征研究

氨是生活垃圾填埋场产生的主要恶臭物质之一,同时也是PM2.5的重要前体物.依据环境空气氨测定和无组织废气监测方法,研究了北京市两家垃圾填埋场的工艺关键点和厂界的氨浓度水平.结果表明填埋作业面、污泥处理车间和渗滤液调节池等工艺关键点的氨浓度为0.078~0.341 mg·m-3.工艺关键点的氨浓度呈现日间高、夜间低的特点,温度和湿度是主要气象影响因素,阴雨天气时监测结果明显偏低.氨浓度在厂界外有明显下降趋势,厂界下风向100 m处平均下降60.00%,300 m处平均下降69.90%.研究为北京市垃圾填埋场氨排放水平本地化和氨排放监测管理提供科研支持.     

基于Meta分析的污水处理工艺对微塑料去除效果影响

污水处理厂(WWTPs)是微塑料“源-汇”过程的重要场所,污水处理工艺和微塑料特性对微塑料去除效果的影响有待深入探讨.综述了57篇文献中78个WWTPs的微塑料赋存特征,基于Meta分析探讨了不同污水处理工艺和微塑料赋存特征对其去除效果的影响.结果表明：(1)进水和出水中微塑料的丰度范围分别为1.56×10^-2～3.14×10⁴n·L^-1和1.70×10^-3～3.09×10² n·L^-1,污泥中的微塑料赋存丰度范围为1.80×10^-1～9.38×10³ n·g^-1;(2)以氧化沟、生物膜和传统活性污泥为核心工艺的WWTPs对微塑料的总去除率(>90%)优于序批式活性污泥、厌氧-缺氧-好氧和缺氧-好氧工艺;(3)一级处理对微塑料的去除率(62.87%)略高于二级处理(55.78%)和三级处理(58.45%),“格栅+沉砂池+初沉池”是一级处理中去除率最高的工艺组合,膜生物反应器在二级处理...