序批式活性污泥法及其发展

SBR及其发展工艺具有其它工艺无可比拟的优势，特别是其良好的除磷脱氮功能。本文介绍了SBR及其发展工艺各自的工艺特点、优势及不足之处，为它们在生产实践中的进一步推广应用提供技术参考。     

黄河口不同恢复阶段湿地土壤N2O产生的不同过程及贡献

采用时空替代法,选择黄河口生态恢复前后未恢复区(R0)、2007年恢复区(R2007)和2002年恢复区(R2002)的芦苇湿地为研究对象,分析了生态恢复工程对湿地土壤N2O产生不同过程与贡献的影响.结果表明,尽管不同恢复阶段湿地土壤N2O总产生量差异明显,但总体均表现为N2O释放.恢复区湿地土壤的N2O产生量大于未恢复区.N2O的产生主要以硝化作用和硝化细菌反硝化作用为主,而反硝化作用对N2O的产生有较大削弱作用,这与不同恢复阶段湿地土壤理化性质密切相关.非生物作用对N2O产生量贡献较大,这与黄河口为高活性铁区,Fe的还原作用关系密切.尽管黄河口不同恢复阶段湿地土壤N2O的产生是生物作用与非生物作用共同作用的结果,但由于非生物作用对N2O产生的影响较大,应受到特别关注.温度和水分对不同恢复阶段湿地土壤N2O产生过程的影响不尽一致,这与土壤微生物活性对温度和水分的响应差异有关.黄河口不同恢复阶段湿地土壤的N2O总产生量介于(0.37±0.08)～(9.75±7.64)nmol·(kg·h)-1,略高于闽江口互花米草湿地的N2O总产生量,但明显低于富氧森林土壤、草原土壤和闽江口短叶茳芏湿地的N2O总产生量.研究发现,黄河口生态恢复工程的长期实施明显促进了N2O的产生,因而下一步生态恢复工程应统筹考虑景观恢复与温室气体削弱这两方面因素.     

过程耦合与空间集成：国土空间生态修复的景观生态学认知

新时期国土空间生态修复的核心是整体保护与系统治理,强调生态保护修复与社会经济发展耦合关联的系统性、协同性。景观生态学以景观为研究对象,基于整体综合视角聚焦景观结构与功能演变及其与人类社会相互作用机理,重点关注过程耦合与空间集成。面向国土空间生态修复的战略需求,景观生态学"格局与过程耦合—时空尺度—生态系统服务—景观可持续性"的研究路径能够为国土空间生态修复提供重要学科支撑;依据格局—过程互馈机理识别退化、受损的山水林田湖草生命共同体,基于景观多功能性权衡协调社会—生态需求并确定修复目标,应用生态安全格局优化多层级修复网络体系,建立面向景观可持续性的多尺度级联福祉保障。     

The study of biological activity of transformation products of diclofenac and its interaction with chlorogenic acid

In the present work we compared the biological activity of DCF, 4′-OHDCF and 5-OHDCF as molecules of most biodegradation pathways of DCF and selected transformation products (2-hydroxyphenylacetic acid; 2,5-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and 2,6-dichloroaniline) which are produced during AOPs, such as ozonation and UV/H₂O₂. We also examined the interaction of DCF with chlorogenic acid (CGA). CGA is commonly used in human diet and entering the environment along with waste mainly from the processing and brewing of coffee and it can be toxic for microorganisms included in activated sludge. In the present experiment the evaluation of following parameters was performed: E. coli K-12 cells viability, growth inhibition of E. coli K-12 culture, LC₅₀ and mortality of Chironomus aprilinus, genotoxicity, sodA promoter induction and ROS generation. In addition the reactivity of E. coli SM recA:luxCDABE biosensor strain in wastewater matrices was measured. The results showed the influence of DCF, 4′-OHDCF and 5-OHDCF on E. coli K-12 cells viability and bacteria growth, comparable to AOPs by-products. The highest toxicity was observed for selected, tested AOPs by-products, in comparison to the DCF, 4′-OHDCF and 5-OHDCF. Genotoxicity assay indicated that 2,6-dichloroaniline (AOPs by-product) had the highest toxic effect. The oxidative stress assays revealed that the highest level of ROS generation and sodA promoter induction were obtained for DCF, 4′-OHDCF and 5-OHDCF, compared to other tested compounds. We have also found that there is an interaction between chlorogenic acid and DCF, which resulted in increased toxicity of the mixture of the both compounds to E. coli K-12, comparable to parent chemicals. The strongest response of E. coli SM biosensor strain with recA:luxCDABE genetic construct in filtered treated wastewaters, comparable to control sample was noticed. It indicates, that E. coli SM recA:luxCDABE biosensor strains is a good tool for bacteria monitoring in wastewater environment. Due to toxicity and biological activity of tested DCF transformation products, there is a need to use additional wastewater treatment systems for wastewater contaminated with pharmaceutical residues.     

Spatial and temporal variations in groundwater nitrate at an intensive dairy farm in south-east Ireland: Insights from stable isotope data

Achievement of at least “good ecological status” in all waterbodies under the EU Water Framework Directive by 2015 will in some cases be a challenge. The twin challenge is to manage expectations of policy makers for such waterbodies as to a realistic length of time required for improvement in water quality. Hence, understanding the source, transformation processes and residence time of nitrate in a hydrological system is an essential part of meeting such challenges. On a dairy farm with 24 shallow groundwater wells, the dual isotopic composition of nitrate (δ¹⁵N and δ¹⁸O) was used to clarify nitrate sources, to assess spatial and temporal variability in nitrate concentrations and to determine if and where denitrification was occurring. Vertical travel time was estimated to correlate nitrate concentrations with management practices. Organically derived nitrogen was the predominant source contributing to groundwater nitrate concentrations. Denitrification was identified as prevalent within specific regions of the study site. The distinct low temporal variability in the isotopic data suggests constancy among nitrate sources and processes over time across the study site. Vertical travel times of up to 3 years were estimated on site indicating the influence of recent management practices on nitrate concentrations. Very slow horizontal migration of groundwater (decades) indicates a legacy of older management practices. Stable isotope techniques, together with an understanding of time lag, provide an extra mechanism to test the efficacy of monitoring and mitigation programmes.     

张弦网壳结构索张拉模拟计算及试验研究

施工张拉控制是张弦网壳结构的关键技术之一,提出采用控制索原长的反分析方法追踪结构施工整个过程。首先,通过控制索在预应力状态下的张拉力求出零状态和索原长,并同时获得预应力态下所有单元的内力。在此基础上,通过控制每一级张拉索的原长,进行非线性有限元迭代计算,可求出索在分级分批施工时的控制力,并用VC＋＋6.0编制相应的计算程序。这一方法有效地避免了通用有限元需要反复试算,计算繁琐的缺点。最后,以张弦网壳结构模型为试验对象,按分级分批张拉的方式模拟结构的现场施工,并跟踪施工过程中杆件单元的应力状态。结果表明,数值模拟计算与试验值吻合较好,计算结果可靠,该方法能精确模拟结构的施工成形过程,且在整个过程中,每根索只需张拉一次,简化了施工工艺。     

Removal of antibiotic-resistant genes during drinking water treatment: A review

Once contaminate the drinking water source, antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) will propagate in drinking water systems and pose a serious risk to human health. Therefore, the drinking water treatment processes (DWTPs) are critical to manage the risks posed by ARGs. This study summarizes the prevalence of ARGs in raw water sources and treated drinking water worldwide. In addition, the removal efficiency of ARGs and related mechanisms by different DWTPs are reviewed. Abiotic and biotic factors that affect ARGs elimination are also discussed. The data on presence of ARGs in drinking water help come to the conclusion that ARGs pollution is prevalent and deserves a high priority. Generally, DWTPs indeed achieve ARGs removal, but some biological treatment processes such as biological activated carbon filtration may promote antibiotic resistance due to the enrichment of ARGs in the biofilm. The finding that disinfection and membrane filtration are superior to other DWTPs adds weight to the advice that DWTPs should adopt multiple disinfection barriers, as well as keep sufficient chlorine residuals to inhibit re-growth of ARGs during subsequent distribution. Mechanistically, DWTPs obtain direct and inderect ARGs reduction through DNA damage and interception of host bacterias of ARGs. Thus, escaping of intracellular ARGs to extracellular environment, induced by DWTPs, should be advoided. This review provides the theoretical support for developping efficient reduction technologies of ARGs. Future study should focus on ARGs controlling in terms of transmissibility or persistence through DWTPs due to their biological related nature and ubiquitous presence of biofilm in the treatment unit.     

基于质谱技术的在线大气颗粒物来源与污染过程解析研究——以江苏省淮安市为例

通过大气细颗粒物实时在线源解析技术(质谱直接测量法)采集录入淮安市市区部分特征污染源排放成分谱,对淮安市大气细颗粒物进行在线源解析,获取高时间分辨的颗粒物源解析结果,分析颗粒物来源、季度变化和重污染天气的污染过程,评估形成重污染过程的污染影响因子和影响程度,为区域大气污染综合整治提供重要目标指向,同时也为淮安环境空气PM2.5重度污染实时预警与监控、大气污染源减排方案评估、污染事件监控等提供有效的在线监测技术平台.     

乌海市夏季臭氧污染特征及基于过程分析的成因探究

乌海市地形复杂,周边工业园区分布密集,近年来夏季O₃污染问题突出,且污染特征与形成机制尚不明确,分析乌海市O₃变化特征,探究O₃污染形成机制对该区域大气污染防治具有重要意义.本文在分析乌海市2018年6~8月3次持续O₃污染过程特征的基础上,利用WRF-CMAQ模式系统进行模拟并根据过程分析输出结果对污染的成因进行了深入分析,探讨了区域输送和局地光化学反应对乌海市O₃的影响.结果表明,乌海市夏季O₃呈现"单峰"的日变化特征,近地面O₃与向下短波辐射和气温显著呈正相关,与相对湿度呈负相关;空间分布上,乌海市3个工业园区白天和夜间均为O₃低值区,乌海西南部宁夏石嘴山地区、乌海城区和西北部乌兰布和沙漠地区白天为O₃高值区;过程分析结果表明,输送和化学过程及其相对大小对乌海市O₃有决定性影响,6月和7月的污染过程中局地光化学反应和输送共同导致O₃显著升高,且化学过程的影响是输送的两倍左右,8月O₃的升高主要为输送作用的贡献;进一步对输送作用进行分解可知偏南和西北方向的输送对O₃的升高有较大贡献,结合前体物的排放,可能的传输来源为宁夏银川、石嘴山及巴彦淖尔等区域,因此,乌海市应在控制本地排放的基础上,加强区域联防联控,减少区域传输对O₃的影响.     

硝基苯废水治理技术研究进展

综述了近年来硝基苯废水治理方法的研究进展．介绍了物理法、化学法和生物法在治理硝基苯废水中的不同作用，指出物化法与生物法相结合会成为根治硝基苯废水的理想方法。