钢筋混凝土构件的最小隔火厚度

为了正确评估钢筋混凝土构件在实际火灾中的隔火作用,以一般室内火灾轰燃后的房间平均温度-时间曲线为升温曲线,以热传导理论为基础,以钢筋混凝土隔火构件的背火面的最高温度恰好达到220℃为判定准则,用数值计算方法给出钢筋混凝土隔火构件的最小厚度,并用最小二乘法导出其计算公式.火灾房间火灾荷载越大,开口因子越小,最小隔火厚度越大;反之越小.该文所给最小厚度可用于钢筋混凝土分隔构件的性能化耐火设计与评估:当火灾荷载密度较大,开口因子较小时加大构件的厚度以获得安全性,反之,减小厚度以获得经济性.     

昆明“3·29”森林火灾对防控林区火灾的启示

介绍昆明的“3·29”森林火灾基本情况。在对该火烧迹地进行3年跟踪调研的基础上,总结了该火灾对防控西南林区森林火灾的6点启示：（1）紫茎泽兰入侵区应慎修生土隔火带;（2）通过发挥山沟的阻火作用、营林防火、森林可燃物制炭等技术措施构建阻火林分;（3）重视森林火灾次生灾害;（4）开发新型森林灭火剂及施用技术;（5）适时运用以火灭火战术;（6）探索与集体林权制度改革相适应的森林消防对策。     

Recovery assessment of a refined-oil impacted and fire ravaged mangrove ecosystem

An assessment of the diversity and abundance of macrobenthic community in a refined-oil (petrol) impacted and fire-ravaged mangrove ecosystem within the vicinity of a marine receipt terminal facility (Atlas Cove) serving as a distribution and pump station for refined products was carried out. The mangrove ecosystem was subjected to massive petrol spillage from a leaking pipeline and eventual fire outbreak. Following rehabilitation activities, a recovery assessment of the impacted ecosystem was carried out. The field surveys revealed that the petrol leakage and fire outbreak resulted in a near complete destruction of the mangrove ecosystem around the Atlas Cove depot, with macrobenthic species diversity index ranging between 0−0.4, compared to 0.78−0.87 in the control stations. The dominant early arrivals or colonizers of the impacted stations areas were Clibanarius africanus and Callinectes amnicola. Early signs of recovery of the impacted area were observed within about two and a half (2 1/2) to three (3) months, based on diversity and abundance indices respectively. The period of early signs of recovery also coincide with an observed reduction in the total hydrocarbon content (THC) levels in the sediment collected from the impacted stations by about nine folds from 3.67 mg/kg to 0.42 mg/kg within 3 months. Despite the apparent signs of recovery, the need for long-term monitoring of the impacted stations was discussed.     

近年我国家装材料变化对住宅火灾的影响研究

住宅火灾危险性和家装材料有着紧密联系。为研究近年我国家装材料变化对住宅火灾的影响,调研了近30年我国家装材料的变化趋势,分析了常见家装材料的火灾特性变化,并完成了对不同年代常见家装材料组合的火灾危险性综合评价,结果表明：随着近30年家装材料的变化,软体家具、木质家具、地板和壁纸的燃烧性能均有所改善,但软体家具产烟能力恶化;2000年～2010年合成材料的应用使得家装材料组合的综合火灾危险性有所提升,引起大型亡人火灾的可能性更大;2010年后阻燃材料的普及使得家装材料组合的综合火灾危险性有所降低,对消防安全的作用已经凸显,但同时我国住宅火灾中“小火亡人”事故可能更为频发,未来研究应该更加关注于降低阻燃材料的烟气危害性。     

基于MCLP-BACOP模型的城市消防站选址研究

为提高消防站规划选址的科学性,合理调度有限的消防应急资源,提升消防应急响应效率,以湖北省某城市中心城区为研究对象,在火灾风险评估基础上,对消防站选址模型进行优化研究,构建了MCLP-BACOP结合覆盖模型并借助ArcGIS软件对模型进行优化求解。研究结果表明：通过MCLP-BACOP结合覆盖模型计算得到的中心城区消防站选址方案在对覆盖率影响较小的情况下,可以减少消防站数量并降低成本,同时能保证高风险区重复覆盖。该模型对于火灾风险较大的城区适用性强,在考虑经济因素及现实条件下,可有效提升城区消防响应效率。     

大空间建筑火灾中火焰辐射对无保护钢构件升温的影响

大空间建筑的空间尺度变化范围较大,当空间尺度变化时火焰对壁面或构件的热辐射变化也较大,正确预测火焰辐射对构件升温的影响,是准确计算火灾场景中构件升温的一个重要环节。在计算假定条件下,通过分析外界与构件之间的热量交换以及影响火焰辐射的因素,导出考虑火焰辐射影响的构件净吸热量计算公式,将构件净吸热量计算公式导入基于集总热容法的热平衡方程中,得到构件升温的数值解,从而定量确定火焰辐射对钢构件升温影响的,临界角系数,为简化钢构件升温计算奠定基础,使钢构件升温计算既准确反映火灾中构件的升温历程,又方便实用。     

建筑消防水系统灭火可靠性动态评估模型研究

水位、水压、流量、阀门开启情况等运行状态参数是决定消防水灭火系统灭火可靠性的关键因素,基于对水灭火系统运行可靠性影响因素的研究,构建了用于评估灭火可靠性的贝叶斯网络推理模型。推理模型将影响系统灭火可靠性的因素分为给水设施可靠性、灭火系统管网供水可靠性、灭火设施启动可靠性、阀门开启状态等四个方面。网络结构图代表了监测因子与子系统可靠性的关联关系。节点变量状态值的分级方法和先验概率值参考了水灭火系统相关设计标准。根据监测因子对子系统可靠性的影响分别设置了各节点的条件概率表。应用表明,通过物联网技术实时监测灭火系统运行状态参数,将实时的状态参数信息输入到评估模型,可以实现动态评估系统灭火可靠性。     

基于ABAQUS的钢-混凝土组合桥抗火性能分析

采用ABAQUS有限元软件,选取ISO834和烃类HC火灾曲线,对钢-混凝土组合桥的抗火性能进行了分析,包括截面温度场和耐火极限分析。无防火保护的组合桥火灾下破坏准则为挠度和变形速率共同控制,HC和ISO 834两种火灾曲线下的耐火极限分别仅为5 .15 min 和13.95 min,钢梁下翼缘和腹板的临界温度为595 ℃。采取防火保护措施后,组合桥的截面温度明显降低,火灾下变形速率明显减小,破坏准则变为仅由挠度控制,因而达到耐火极限时的允许挠度更大,耐火极限明显增大。在喷涂厚度为20 mm 的防火涂料进行防火保护后,HC和ISO 834两种火灾下组合梁的耐火极限分别增大为92.8 min和121.5 min,即发生火灾后将有充足的时间留给消防人员灭火。     

电镀污泥火法熔融处置项目的环境影响及污染防治措施

火法熔融处置已成为一种被广泛采用的电镀污泥处置和资源化的方法。对于火法熔融处置项目环境影响的评价要求越来越突出。本文主要针对火法熔融处置项目可能造成的环境影响为对象进行评价,并探讨相应的污染防治措施。     

Performance evaluation of a water mist system in semiconductor wet bench fires

Wet benches are typically utilized in semiconductor facilities for wafer and parts cleaning. Heaters and some flammable liquids, such as acetone and isopropyl alcohol (IPA), are employed during the cleaning process. Wet bench fires have caused serious losses in the semiconductor industry. To assess the fire protection performance, several field tests were performed using a water mist system installed in the wet bench. In this study, acetone pan fuel was used as fire source. The test parameters were operational pressure, pan size, nozzle location, cylinder obstruction and degree of door closure. An appropriate design for operating pressure and the location of water mist nozzles extinguished wet bench fires effectively in the early fire stages. The nozzles are suggested to be fixed above or on the each side of the pan, ensuring that mist can completely cover a pan surface with sufficient momentum. With this suggested design, fires can be extinguished in the pan and do not spread over the wet bench.