重载铁路隧道可燃物极大丰富条件下火灾温度场数值模拟

针对重载铁路隧道内重载列车运载大量可燃物贯穿整条隧道的情况,建立了500m双线重载铁路隧道模型,利用大涡模拟技术,采用数值模拟的方法探讨了可燃物极大丰富条件下重载铁路隧道内,不同初始火源功率、起火位置下可燃物(红松木)火灾蔓延规律,进而分析了重载列车起火后隧道内火灾沿纵向、横向的温度分布特点、变化规律及后果影响。结果表明:重载铁路隧道内重载列车一旦发生火灾,不同起火位置对火灾向周围的蔓延速度有着明显的影响,而当火灾发生大面积蔓延时,由于隧道内通风量受限,将最终形成两侧隧道口附近燃烧剧烈,而中部较长区域燃烧受到显著抑制的特点。这也导致了隧道内拱顶附近处的最高温度位置由初始火源正上方,沿纵向逐渐向隧道洞口移动,并最终稳定在两侧隧道口附近,同时隧道中部温度也发生大幅度降低,这种温度分布特征对隧道衬砌结构损伤及破坏将产生重要影响。     

Revised fire consequence models for offshore quantitative risk assessment

Offshore oil and gas platforms are well known for their compact geometry, high degree of congestion, limited ventilation and difficult escape routes. A small mishap under such conditions can quickly escalate into a catastrophe. Among all the accidental process-related events occurring offshore, fire is the most frequently reported. It is, therefore, necessary to study the behavior of fires and quantity the hazards posed by them in order to complete a detailed quantitative risk assessment. While there are many consequence models available to predict fire hazards-varying from point source models to highly complex computational fluid dynamic models—only a few have been validated for the unique conditions found offshore.

In this paper, we have considered fire consequence modeling as a suite of sub-models such as individual fire models, radiation model, overpressure model, smoke and toxicity models and human impact models. This comprehensive suite of models was then revised by making the following modifications: (i) fire models: existing fire models have been reviewed and the ones most suitable for offshore conditions were selected; (ii) overpressure impact model: a model has been developed to quantify the overpressure effects from fires to investigate the possible damage from the hot combustion gases released in highly confined compartments; (iii) radiation model: instead of a point/area model, a multipoint grid-based model has been adopted for better modeling and analysis of radiation heat flux consequences. A comparison of the performance of the revised models with the ones used in a commercial software package for offshore risk assessment was also carried out and is discussed in the paper.     

UN test O.1 errors in quantifying the behavior of solid oxidizers

The results of the UN test O.1 for oxidizing solids are shown to be incorrect when specimens contain certain inertant additives, illustrated for the case of oxidizers in the ammonium nitrate fertilizer family. Test results for three different AN-based products containing inertants show that two of the three (including calcium ammonium nitrate, CAN, a long-known safer alternative to AN) would be misranked with the O.1 test. An analogy between the heat release rate of substances containing fire retardant (FR) chemicals is established and several ways by which FR behavior can be achieved are demonstrated. It is shown that the O.1 test implicitly adopts only one model of inertant action, and that chemicals which rely on a differing mode of inertant action are liable to be incorrectly treated. It is further shown that the physical basis of the O.1 test—an intimate mixture of finely-comminuted fuel and oxidizer—misrepresents the most common type of accidents involving oxidizers, and that such test results do not correspond to scenarios of a less extreme nature. The new O.3 test improves the analysis method, but does not resolve the problem of excessive commingling of fuel into oxidizer. It is recommended that the intermediate-scale arrangement used by the Bureau of Explosives be adopted for further development and standardization, in preference to the O.1 or O.3 test arrangements.     

“Z型”中庭烟气流动及自然排烟特性实验研究

"Z型"中庭自然排烟设计已经在部分高层建筑中实际运用。然而,现有规范对此类设计方法无具体指导性消防安全要求,同时缺乏相关研究。通过在海南某高层建筑中开展全尺寸火灾实验,选取中庭和办公室不同火灾区域和规模,在不同外界风向和风速下,通过监测有毒气体浓度、烟气温度和能见度以及烟气层厚度等参数,研究超过12m的"Z型"高大中庭烟气流动特性及自然排烟效果,并分析其对中庭和人员安全性的影响。研究结果表明:该建筑采用"Z型"中庭能够有效排出烟气,自然排烟设计合理。所得结论可为消防部门审核该项目提供参考,也为类似高大中庭自然排烟设计提供科学依据。     

飞机货舱低气压环境对火灾探测参量影响研究

旨在为飞机货舱火灾探测系统设计和研制提供理论支撑,在飞机货舱环境模拟实验舱内开展了70kPa、80kPa、90kPa和100kPa下正庚烷火灾实验,分析了低气压环境对顶棚温度、烟气密度和气体浓度火灾探测参量的影响规律。低压下空气密度较小,卷吸系数减小,导致顶棚最高温升增加,顶棚温度衰减变快。同时,低压下烟气密度降低,并与压力呈指数关系,指数系数约为0.946,扩展了前人研究结果的应用范围。CO浓度最大值随压力降低而增加,且CO增长速率与压力呈负指数关系。CO2增长速率随着压力降低而略有减小。     

火灾下圆钢管约束钢筋混凝土短柱轴压性能分析

利用ABAQUS软件建立了火灾下圆钢管约束钢筋混凝土轴压短柱非线性有限元模型,在确定混凝土和钢材的本构基础上,对其火灾下轴压性能进行了数值计算,并与已有相关试验数据进行了对比验证。分析了环境温度、混凝土强度、钢管屈服强度、截面尺寸、含钢率等参数对火灾下轴压性能的影响规律。结果表明:火灾下各试件核心混凝土纵向应力发展规律较为相似,且应力分布趋向均匀;环境温度对试件轴压刚度的影响大于极限承载力,材料强度对极限承载力的影响较大,增大钢管含钢率可一定程度提高试件轴压刚度;提出了火灾下此类试件极限承载力和轴压刚度的简化计算公式,可为工程实际应用提供参考。     

金属热颗粒引燃可燃堆积材料的实验研究

电焊操作、烟花燃放、工业磨削和高压电线碰撞等过程容易产生高温热颗粒。这些热颗粒一旦接触可燃材料就有可能引燃材料,导致火灾。该文对热颗粒引燃可燃堆积材料的行为进行实验研究,从而为工业堆积材料的火灾防控方法提供参考。实验加热一系列不同直径(6mm,8mm,10mm,12mm,15mm,20mm)的黄铜金属颗粒作为热源,并采用三种常见的工业堆积材料(木粉,炭粉,羟丙基甲基纤维素HPMC)作为可燃材料的代表物,研究不同功率金属热颗粒对材料的引燃行为,分析金属热颗粒引燃材料的临界功率。结果表明,材料本身的性质会影响热颗粒的引燃行为,HPMC的引燃时间最长,木粉的引燃时间最短。随着热颗粒直径的增加,热颗粒引燃三种材料所需的功率值整体呈增大的趋势。由于燃烧空腔的形成,HPMC的引燃临界功率相对较高。     

Evaluation of CFD simulations of transient pool fire burning rates

Fire is the most commonly occurring major accident hazard in the chemical and process industries, with industry accident statistics highlighting the liquid pool fire as the most frequent fire event. Modelling of such phenomena feeds heavily into industry risk assessment and consequence analyses. Traditional simple empirical equations cannot account for the full range of factors influencing pool fire behaviour or increasingly complex plant design. The use of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modelling enables a greater understanding of pool fire behaviour to be gained numerically and provides the capability to deal with complex scenarios.This paper presents an evaluation of the Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) for predictive modelling of liquid pool fire burning rates. Specifically, the work examines the ability of the model to predict temporal variations in the burning rate of open atmosphere pool fires. Fires ranging from 0.4 to 4 m in diameter, involving ethanol and a range of liquid hydrocarbons as fuels, are considered and comparisons of predicted fuel mass loss rates are compared to experimental measurements.The results show that the liquid pyrolysis sub-model in FDS gives consistent model performance for fully predictive modelling of liquid pool fire burning rates, particularly during quasi-steady burning. However, the model falls short of predicting the subtleties associated with each phase of the transient burning process, failing to reliably predict fuel mass loss rates during fire growth and extinction. The results suggest a range of model modifications which could lead to improved prediction of the transient fire growth and extinction phases of burning for liquid pool fires, specifically, investigation of: ignition modelling techniques for high boiling temperature liquid fuels; a combustion regime combining both infinite and finite-rate chemistry; a solution method which accounts for two- or three-dimensional heat conduction effects in the liquid-phase; alternative surrogate fuel compositions for multi-component hydrocarbon fuels; and modification of the solution procedure used at the liquid-gas interface during fire extinction.     

The effects of phosphorus-free inhibitors on the ignition of lycopodium dust

The minimum ignition temperature of dust suspension (MIT) and the hot surface ignition temperature of the dust layer (LIT) are essential safety parameters for the process industry. However, the knowledge of the ignition behavior when solid mixtures of flammable fuels and phosphorous-free inhibitors are considered is still scarce and further experimental and theoretical analyses are requested. In this work, the ignition temperature of phosphorous-free inhibitors (coal fly ash and calcium carbonate) mixed with lycopodium dust have been studied in terms of LIT analysis (hot plate thickness: 5 mm, 12.5 mm and 15 mm), and by the Godbert-Greenwald test for the MIT. Both coal fly ash and calcium carbonate have been tested at different concentrations and particle sizes.Results show that the effects of the inhibitor can be counter-productive when layer ignition temperature is considered even if the minimum ignition temperature of the dust suspension shows a positive effect from the safety point of view. This behavior has been analyzed in the terms of thermal conductivity and diffusivity of the mixture, by using Maxwell's equation for two-phase solid mixtures. Standard empirical correlations for the ignition temperature of solid mixtures have been also tested, showing their weakness in reproducing mixture behavior.     

Small-scale fire performance assessment of intumescent coatings on metal tubes containing ammonium nitrate. A stepping-stone towards their application as a fire safety measure on road transportation tanks?

Ammonium nitrate is used in vast amounts globally, first and foremost as a component of fertilizers and explosive formulations. This usage necessitates its transportation which, as for most hazardous materials, involves certain risks. For oxidizing materials such as ammonium nitrate, the ultimate consequence of road transportation incidents is usually considered to be fire followed by explosion. Even though the probability in general is low, substantial reduction in its risk is a great gain for public safety. Thus, identifying novel and improving current safety measures for risk reduction, is an important aspect in the field of hazardous materials. Herein, a series of experiments are reported, which demonstrate the fire protection performance of two state-of-the-art intumescent passive fire protection materials on small-scale metal test tubes containing ammonium nitrate. Albeit being initial experiments on laboratory-scale, these results provide a promising starting point for further investigations on the potential of these materials for the fire protection of ammonium nitrate when carried in metal tanks. At its best, a prominent protection of ammonium nitrate from heat exposure was observed, as the temperature was kept well below its boiling point for more than 2.5 h. Successively, it resulted in a complete recovery of the sample material. This was in large contrast to the observed results for the unprotected test tubes, which led to complete decomposition of the sample after 11 min.