Applications of resilience engineering principles in different fields with a focus on industrial systems: A literature review

This paper reviews literature that addresses applications of resilience engineering principles to various fields. Recently the concept has attracted great attention from a technical and industrial perspective. The primary focus of this paper is to review the resilience engineering applications to industrial systems with the purpose of applying them to the chemical industry. A systematic review is performed to classify peer-reviewed journal papers that are associated with resilience engineering applications into three categories: industrial systems, ecological systems, and interlinked systems. The literature in the category of industrial systems is further divided based on the type of approaches such as field studies, case studies, methodologies, and mathematical modeling. After thoroughly analyzing the literature, four key research areas are identified: Considering socio-technical factors for resilience assessment efficiently; Inculcating the possibility of multiple disasters in resilience assessment; Design optimization for resilience enhancement; Efficient restoration strategies. All these research areas have not been explored exclusively for chemical facilities to a great extent. It is concluded that if these research areas are addressed appropriately, it would help in triggering the research pertaining to the application of resilience engineering principles in chemical facilities.     

A chemical plant protection game incorporating bounded rational attackers and distribution-free uncertainties

The chemical industry has an important role in our modern society. Due to the existence of hazardous materials and possible extreme producing conditions, chemical facilities are also considered dangerous. Research has pointed out that a successful attack on chemical plants may cause mass casualties, in the United States. Game theory has been employed to improve the protection of chemical plants, and current literature on chemical plant protection games assume a ‘rational’ attacker. The present paper studies a game-theoretic model, which is played by a rational defender and a ‘bounded rational’ attacker, for improving chemical plant protection. The attacker modeled in this paper is assumed to play higher payoff strategies with higher probabilities, which is innovative from the current chemical security literature. Attackers in the current chemical plant protection games would always play the strategy with the highest payoff (probability of 100%). Distribution-free uncertainties on attacker's parameters are also integrated into the model. An algorithm for solving the game presented in this paper is also proposed. A case study reveals that although a bounded rational attacker would reduce the defender's expected payoff, the defender's equilibrium strategy from the present model is robust to different attacker behaviors.     

同位素稀释高分辨气相色谱-高分辨质谱法测定氯化石蜡工业品中二噁英

氯化石蜡（CPs）作为一种用途广泛、产量大的有机氯化学工业品,具有组成多样、基质复杂等特点,对其中产生的二噁英（PCDD/Fs）检测是当前工作面临的难题。建立了同位素稀释高分辨气相色谱-高分辨质谱法检测CPs工业品中PCDD/Fs的分析方法。对样品净化过程进行了优化,通过提取溶剂筛选,去除固体CPs中部分基质,建立的双活性炭柱法可高效去除CPs基质。方法采用¹³ C₁₂标记的PCDD/Fs内标物进行定性和定量分析。17种PCDD/Fs同系物的检出限为0.1～3 pg/g,回收率为31.7%～100%。该方法可对高纯度工业品中痕量持久性有机污染物进行高效的定性和定量分析,能够满足国家标准方法对PCDD/Fs检测的要求。     

重铬酸钾法测定化学需氧量的实验条件优化

以降低成本、减少二次污染、提供多元化实验条件为主要出发点,开展GB 11914-89中氯离子掩蔽剂加入量和催化剂种类等优化实验研究。结果表明:采用按比例加入的方式可以降低硫酸汞使用量,m[HgSO4]:m[Cl-]=10∶1即可达到有效掩蔽效果;在标准样品、地表水和一般废水的COD测定中,硫酸镍、硫酸铝钾和磷酸二氢锰作为硫酸银的替代物具有一定的可行性,建议最低加入量为4g/L。     

Estimation of terrestrial chemical spill risk factors using a modified Delphi approach

The large number of chemical spills each year in the United States presents a potentially significant risk to human health and the environment. In an effort to manage this risk, the authors are developing a screening tool to assess the immediate threat to human and environmental receptors from land-based chemical spills. As part of this development effort, a modified Delphi survey was employed to determine the most important factors governing this risk and the relative importance of these factors. Results of the survey indicate that accounting for the attributes of the spilled chemical as well as the characteristics of the surrounding environment is imperative in making informed decisions regarding spill planning and mitigation. Survey results further indicate the greatest concern during spill events to be the risk to human health, which must be considered directly as well as factored into decisions concerning the protection of environmental receptors.     

The Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapour Explosion (BLEVE): A bibliometric review and futur trends

The phenomenon “Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion” (BLEVE) is one of the most common accidental events in the chemical industry and in the transport of dangerous goods. A bibliographic search in the Web of Science Core Collection reported 375 publications related to BLEVEs from 1979 to the present (August 10, 2022). A bibliometric analysis was conducted using the VOSviewer tool to allow a better understanding of the scientific knowledge on this phenomenon. A comprehensive overview of BLEVE research is presented in terms of annual publication, top journals, countries/regions with the highest productivity, authors and their cooperation networks, key terms, and co-citation analysis. The 375 publications cover 691 authors, 83 journals, 44 countries or territories and 290 institutions. The key publication (highest number of citations and co-citations) for understanding the BLEVE phenomenon is. The results obtained constitute a snapshot of the current state of the art on BLEVEs and can be applied to improve the understanding of research on this topic and establish new trends of research.     

Inherent safety concept based proactive risk reduction strategies: A review

The growing scale and complexity of process industries have brought safety, health, and environmental issues to the forefront. As a result, proactive risk reduction strategies (RRSs) are commonly employed to address these issues by reducing the frequency or mitigating the consequences of potential incidents. Among these strategies, inherent safety, which is a proactive measure of loss prevention and risk management, is considered to be the most effective method. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of RRSs for achieving inherency, as well as techniques for evaluating the performance of inherent safety, health, and environmental aspects. Background information is presented, including the development and implementation of the inherently safer process design, as well as the approaches for achieving inherently healthier and environmentally friendlier processes. Subsequently, the execution approaches and practical applications of other RRSs are discussed to highlight the distinctiveness and benefits of inherent safety. Next, this study examined the characteristics of inherency assessment tools (IATs) based on available information at different process stages. Furthermore, the evaluation methods and historical development of IATs are investigated from the perspectives of safety, occupational health, and environmental considerations, followed by a statistical analysis of IATs. It is concluded that the no-chemical hazards-based IATs have not been extensively studied yet, which may improve the safety level of process plants from the perspective of comprehensive inherency risk reduction. As a way forward, future research opportunities are proposed to promote the implementation of greater optimized risk management.