全文获取类型
收费全文 | 854篇 |
免费 | 35篇 |
国内免费 | 90篇 |
专业分类
安全科学 | 169篇 |
废物处理 | 20篇 |
环保管理 | 82篇 |
综合类 | 344篇 |
基础理论 | 131篇 |
污染及防治 | 125篇 |
评价与监测 | 82篇 |
社会与环境 | 10篇 |
灾害及防治 | 16篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 1篇 |
2023年 | 15篇 |
2022年 | 22篇 |
2021年 | 40篇 |
2020年 | 55篇 |
2019年 | 18篇 |
2018年 | 24篇 |
2017年 | 19篇 |
2016年 | 32篇 |
2015年 | 36篇 |
2014年 | 46篇 |
2013年 | 45篇 |
2012年 | 40篇 |
2011年 | 52篇 |
2010年 | 30篇 |
2009年 | 68篇 |
2008年 | 60篇 |
2007年 | 50篇 |
2006年 | 51篇 |
2005年 | 30篇 |
2004年 | 28篇 |
2003年 | 35篇 |
2002年 | 23篇 |
2001年 | 28篇 |
2000年 | 28篇 |
1999年 | 20篇 |
1998年 | 18篇 |
1997年 | 15篇 |
1996年 | 13篇 |
1995年 | 9篇 |
1994年 | 6篇 |
1993年 | 6篇 |
1992年 | 7篇 |
1990年 | 3篇 |
1989年 | 1篇 |
1987年 | 1篇 |
1986年 | 1篇 |
1983年 | 1篇 |
1982年 | 1篇 |
1968年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有979条查询结果,搜索用时 46 毫秒
101.
Public evacuation preparation exerts an important impact on overall evacuation efficiency during regional evacuations. Early warnings often delay the occurrence of chemical accidents. Studying the characteristics of public evacuation preparation in such accidents will help develop better evacuation strategies considering the actual public response. In this work, the characteristics and factors influencing public evacuation preparation behaviors were analyzed by examining an evacuation case in China. The results indicated that the probability distribution of public's evacuation preparation time during a regional evacuation conforms to a Weibull distribution regardless of whether or not evacuation warnings were received. An estimation model of the traffic flow loading rate in a regional evacuation was then proposed on the basis of this finding. The results of this research can provide a reliable reference for evacuation modeling or logistics optimization for future incidents. 相似文献
102.
We test the hypothesis that echolocation behavior can be used to find the border between bat habitats. Assuming that bats
react to background targets in “edge space” but not in “open space”, we determined the border between these two habitat types
for commuting individuals of the parti-colored bat Vespertilio murinus. We recorded sequences of bats’ echolocation signals while they flew parallel to the walls of large buildings and to the
ground and determined the signals’ average bandwidth, duration, and pulse interval. These parameters varied systematically
with the estimated horizontal and vertical distances between the bats and the background. A distinct effect of horizontal
distance to the background on echolocation behavior was found for horizontal distances of less than 6 m, thus indicating the
border between edge and open space. Only a few bats flew at vertical distances below 5 m. However, enough passages at vertical
distances of 5 m and above indicated that the vertical border is somewhere below a distance of 5 m. Within edge space, V. murinus reacted to the background by reducing signal duration, increasing bandwidth at closer distances, and often emitting one signal
per wing beat. In open space, signal parameters did not vary as a function of distance to the background. There, V. murinus emitted the longest signals with the narrowest bandwidth and often made one or two wing beats without emitting a pulse. With
our data we support with statistical methods the hypothesis that echolocation behavior reveals the border between the habitat
types “edge” and “open space”. 相似文献
103.
Heavy-metal fractionation and distribution in soil profiles short-term-irrigated with sewage wastewater 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Six soil profiles irrigated and non-irrigated with sewage wastewater were investigated for soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic matter (OM), and CaCO3. The distributions and chemical fractions of Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb, and their lability were also studied. The results indicated that pH, EC, OM, and CaCO3, as well as metal fractionation in soil profiles were affected by wastewater irrigation, especially in the surface layer. The surface layer (0-15 cm) irrigated with wastewater exhibited a 0.6 unit decrease in soil pH, a 40.6% decrease in CaCO3, and a 200% increase in EC as compared with that of the non-irrigated soil. The soil OM increased from 0.04% to 0.35% in the surface layer. The irrigation of soil with wastewater resulted in transformation of metals from the carbonate fraction (CARB) towards the exchangeable (EXCH), Fe-Mn oxide (ERO), and organic (OM) fraction for Zn, towards the EXCH, the OM, and residual fraction for Cu, and towards the exchangeable (EXCH) fraction for Cd. It was concluded that the use of sewage wastewater led to salt accumulation and an increase in the readily labile fraction of Zn, Cu, and Cd in the surface layer. Therefore, this reason may limit the use of wastewater under arid and semi-arid conditions. 相似文献
104.
In the annual bumblebee Bombus terrestris, the onset of queen-worker conflict over male production is seasonally and socially constrained. Workers will do better if they start to reproduce (the so-called competition phase) only after ascertaining that larvae are committed to gyne development but before the season ends because they gain more by rearing sister-gynes than their own sons. Here, we tested two nonmutually exclusive hypotheses as to what triggers the onset of worker reproduction: Workers can directly monitor larval development and/or workers eavesdrop on the queen signal that directs gyne development. Exposing workers to gyne larvae through a double mesh did not advance the competition phase compared to control colonies. However, when workers, but not the queen, were allowed contact with gyne larvae, both the competition phase and gyne production were advanced. Thus, while larvae do not emit a volatile pheromone that discloses their developmental route, the physical contact of workers with such larvae triggers early competition phase. However, workers exclusively exposed to worker larvae (colonies prevented from producing gyne larvae) started to reproduce at the same time as control colonies. Replacing the resident queen with an older queen (from gyne-rearing colonies) advanced the competition phase, irrespective of worker age. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that workers eavesdrop on the queen pheromones. This is adaptive because it allows workers a broader time-window for reproduction and thus to gain fitness from rearing both sister-gynes and sons before the season ends without affecting colony development. 相似文献
105.
Summary. We examined the role of plant phenology in the evolution of anti-herbivore defence in symbiotic ant-plant protection mutualisms.
Phenology of the host-plant affects traits of its herbivores, including size, growth rate, development time, and gregariousness.
Traits of herbivores in turn determine what traits ants must have to protect their host. Diversity in plant phenological traits
could thus help explain the great ecological diversity of coevolved ant-plant mutualisms. We explored the postulated causal
chain linking phenology of the plant, herbivore adaptations to phenology, and ant adaptations for protection, by comparing
two myrmecophytes presenting strong contrasts in phenology. In Leonardoxa africana, a slow-growing understory tree, growth at each twig terminal is intermittent, the rapid flushing of a single leaf-bearing
internode being followed by a pause of several months. In contrast, axes of Barteria nigritana, a tree of open areas, grow continuously. Analysis of the phenology (kinetics of expansion) and chemistry of leaf development
(contents of chlorophylls, lignin, and nitrogen during leaf growth) showed that these two species exhibit strongly contrasting
strategies. Leonardoxa exhibited a delayed greening strategy, with rapid expansion of leaves during a short period, followed by synthesis of chlorophylls
and lignins only after final leaf size has been reached. In contrast, leaves of Barteria expanded more slowly, with chlorophylls and lignin gradually synthesised throughout development. Differences in the phenology
of leaf development are reflected in differences in the duration of larval development, and thereby in size, of the principal
lepidopteran herbivores observed on these two plants. This difference may in turn have led to different requirements for effective
defence by ants. The strategy of phenological defence may thus affect the evolution of biotic defence. 相似文献
106.
In ant societies, workers do not usually reproduce but gain indirect fitness benefits from raising related offspring produced
by the queen. One of the preconditions of this worker self-restraint is sufficient fertility of the queen. The queen is, therefore,
expected to signal her fertility. In Camponotus floridanus, workers can recognize the presence of a highly fertile queen via her eggs, which are marked with the queen's specific hydrocarbon
profile. If information on fertility is encoded in the hydrocarbon profile of eggs, we expect workers to be able to differentiate
between eggs from highly and weakly fertile queens. We found that workers discriminate between these eggs solely on the basis
of their hydrocarbon profiles which differ both qualitatively and quantitatively. This pattern is further supported by the
similarity of the egg profiles of workers and weakly fertile queens and the similar treatment of both kinds of eggs. Profiles
of queen eggs correspond to the cuticular hydrocarbon profiles of the respective queens. Changes in the cuticular profiles
are associated with the size of the colony the queen originates from and her current egg-laying rate. However, partial correlation
analysis indicates that only colony size predicts the cuticular profile. Colony size is a buffered indicator of queen fertility
as it is a consequence of queen productivity within a certain period of time, whereas daily egg-laying rate varies due to
cyclical oviposition. We conclude that surface hydrocarbons of eggs and the cuticular profiles of queens both signal queen
fertility, suggesting a major role of fertility signals in the regulation of reproduction in social insects. 相似文献
107.
植物诱导抗病性的分子生物学研究进展 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
植物诱导抗病性是植物抵御病害侵袭的重要机制之一,作为一种经济有效的抗病策略,在农业可持续病害防治中具有广阔的应用前景,日益受到人们的关注.其中系统获得性抗性(SAR)作为植物诱导抗病性的一种重要形式,随着分子生物学实验手段的迅速发展及其在植物抗病机制研究中的应用,其分子机制研究方面已取得了不少进展.图1参58 相似文献
108.
José Martín Emilio Civantos Luisa Amo Pilar López 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2007,62(2):173-179
Evidence for parasite-mediated sexual selection has been found in many species that use visual ornaments to attract females.
However, in many animals, variation in female responses to scents of parasitized males suggests that parasitic infections
might also affect information conveyed by pheromones (i.e., chemical ornaments). Thus, pheromones might also function in parasite-mediated
sexual selection. We show here that female lizards Psammodromus algirus responded differently to femoral gland secretions of males according to the parasite load and health of these males. Scents
of healthier males elicited more tongue flicks (a chemosensory behavior) by females, suggesting that these scents were more
attractive. Chemical analyses showed that parasite load and the T-cell-mediated immune response were related to the variability
in the proportions of some lipids in secretions of males. Further trials testing the chemosensory responses of females to
chemical standards indicated that females actually discriminated the chemicals related to males’ health from other chemicals
found in secretions. We suggest that these chemical ornaments may provide reliable information on the health and degree of
parasitic infection of a male. 相似文献
109.
Carmen?Rossini Alexander?Bezzerides Andrés?González Maria?Eisner Thomas?EisnerEmail author 《Chemoecology》2003,13(4):199-205
Summary. Evidence is presented that pyrrolizidine alkaloid acquired
by Utetheisa ornatrix (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae) as a larva
from Crotalaria foodplants is incorporated in part into the scales
of the adult. A single forewing of a male or female moth may contain in
the order of 6 to 13 g monocrotaline in its scale cover or about 1 to 2%
of the moths systemic monocrotaline content. Based on estimates of the number
of scales per forewing, the monocrotaline content of individual scales is calculated
to be in the order of 0.1 and 0.2 ng monocrotaline per male and female scale,
respectively. This amounts to concentrations of about 1 and 3%, values roughly at
a par with the average systemic concentration (0.5-0.6%) previously determined
for monocrotaline in Utetheisa. It is argued that the presence of pyrrolizidine alkaloid
in the moths scale coating could account for the promptness with which adult Utetheisa are
rejected by spiders. It is suggested further that chemical impregnation of scales with substances
deterrent to predators may be more widespread among insects than generally assumed. 相似文献
110.
细胞凋亡的线粒体途径调控 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
细胞凋亡是近年来研究的一个热点问题,涉及到细胞内许多复杂的生化过程.线粒体是真核生物能量和代谢的中心,也是细胞凋亡信号传导途径中起关键调节作用的细胞器,对细胞凋亡的线粒体途径调控机制进行研究具有重要意义.本文综述了细胞凋亡过程中线粒体途径的信号传导及其调控机制、线粒体对细胞凋亡信号的反应、细胞凋亡过程中线粒体功能丧失几方面的研究进展.图1参43 相似文献